{"id":65881,"date":"2026-09-30T13:56:43","date_gmt":"2026-09-30T10:56:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/?p=65881"},"modified":"2026-09-30T13:56:43","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T10:56:43","slug":"youngs-modulus-calculator","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/physics\/youngs-modulus-calculator\/","title":{"rendered":"Young's Modulus Calculator"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"not-prose calculator-box\" aria-labelledby=\"calculator-title\"><div class=\"flex items-baseline sm:items-center justify-between gap-2 sm:gap-3\"><div class=\"flex flex-col sm:flex-row sm:items-center gap-2\"><span class=\"icon icon-calculator text-primary-700! text-base! dark:text-primary-300!\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 id=\"calculator-title\" class=\"text-lg font-display font-bold\">Find Young&#039;s Modulus from Stress and Strain<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"calcdash-favorite group\">\n  <button type=\"button\" class=\"favorite\" id=\"favorite\" data-favorite-id=\"65881\" data-favorite-title=\"Young&#039;s Modulus\" data-favorite-url=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/physics\/youngs-modulus-calculator\/\" data-favorite-excerpt=\"Calculate Young&#039;s modulus of elasticity from stress and strain, or from force, cross-sectional area and length change. Results in GPa, MPa, Pa and psi.\" aria-label=\"Add to Favorites\" data-favorite-icon=\"icon icon-physic\">\n    <span class=\"icon icon-shape-star-empty\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"calcdash-favorite__tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n   <span class=\"favorite-tooltip\" id=\"favorite-tooltip\"><\/span>\n  <\/div>\n  <span class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" id=\"favorite-status\"><\/span>\n<\/div><\/div><form action=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/physics\/youngs-modulus-calculator\/\" method=\"POST\" class=\"calculator\" id=\"calculator-65881\" data-post=\"65881\"><fieldset class=\"fieldset-input is-1\"><legend class=\"sr-only\">Input Fields<\/legend><div class=\"field is-single\" id=\"input-1\"><label for=\"field-1\">Calculation method<\/label><div class=\"grid grid-cols-1\"><select id=\"field-1\" name=\"calculation_method\"><option value=\"ss\" selected>From stress &amp; strain<\/option><option value=\"fal\">From force, area &amp; lengths<\/option><\/select><svg class=\"pointer-events-none col-start-1 row-start-1 mr-2 size-5 self-center justify-self-end text-gray-500 sm:size-4\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-slot=\"icon\">\n              <path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4.22 6.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 8.94l2.72-2.72a.75.75 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-3.25 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.22 7.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" \/>\n            <\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"field is-single has-term\" id=\"input-2\"><label for=\"field-2\">Stress (\u03c3)<\/label><div class=\"term\">\u03c3<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><div class=\"field-group\"><input type=\"text\" name=\"stress_\" id=\"field-2\" aria-describedby=\"calc-info-2\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" placeholder=\"e.g. 200\" min=\"0\" value=\"200\"\/><div class=\"grid grid-cols-1\"><select id=\"field-3\" name=\"unit\" aria-label=\"Unit\"><option value=\"Pa\">Pa<\/option><option value=\"kPa\">kPa<\/option><option value=\"MPa\" selected>MPa<\/option><option value=\"GPa\">GPa<\/option><option value=\"psi\">psi<\/option><\/select><svg class=\"pointer-events-none col-start-1 row-start-1 mr-2 size-5 self-center justify-self-end text-gray-500 sm:size-4\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-slot=\"icon\">\n              <path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4.22 6.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 8.94l2.72-2.72a.75.75 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-3.25 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.22 7.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" \/>\n            <\/svg><\/div><\/div><small id=\"calc-info-2\">Force per unit area (\u03c3 = F\/A). Leave empty if you want to use the force method below.<\/small><\/div><div class=\"field is-single has-term\" id=\"input-3\"><label for=\"field-4\">Strain (\u03b5)<\/label><div class=\"term\">\u03b5<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><input type=\"text\" name=\"strain_\" id=\"field-4\" aria-describedby=\"calc-info-4\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" placeholder=\"e.g. 0.001\" min=\"0\" value=\"0.001\"\/><small id=\"calc-info-4\">Relative deformation \u03b5 = \u0394L\/L\u2080 (dimensionless). 0.001 = 0.1% extension.<\/small><\/div><div class=\"field is-single has-term\" id=\"input-4\" hidden><label for=\"field-5\">Force (F)<\/label><div class=\"term\">F<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><div class=\"field-group\"><input type=\"text\" name=\"force_f\" id=\"field-5\" aria-describedby=\"calc-info-5\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" placeholder=\"e.g. 2000\" min=\"0\" value=\"2000\"\/><div class=\"grid grid-cols-1\"><select id=\"field-6\" name=\"unit\" aria-label=\"Unit\"><option value=\"N\" selected>N<\/option><option value=\"kN\">kN<\/option><option value=\"lbf\">lbf<\/option><option value=\"kgf\">kgf<\/option><\/select><svg class=\"pointer-events-none col-start-1 row-start-1 mr-2 size-5 self-center justify-self-end text-gray-500 sm:size-4\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-slot=\"icon\">\n              <path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4.22 6.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 8.94l2.72-2.72a.75.75 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-3.25 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.22 7.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" \/>\n            <\/svg><\/div><\/div><small id=\"calc-info-5\">Tensile (pulling) or compressive force applied to the specimen.<\/small><\/div><div class=\"field is-single has-term\" id=\"input-5\" hidden><label for=\"field-7\">Cross-sectional area (A)<\/label><div class=\"term\">A<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><div class=\"field-group\"><input type=\"text\" name=\"crosssectional_area_a\" id=\"field-7\" aria-describedby=\"calc-info-7\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" placeholder=\"e.g. 100\" min=\"0\" value=\"100\"\/><div class=\"grid grid-cols-1\"><select id=\"field-8\" name=\"unit\" aria-label=\"Unit\"><option value=\"mm2\" selected>mm\u00b2<\/option><option value=\"cm2\">cm\u00b2<\/option><option value=\"m2\">m\u00b2<\/option><option value=\"in2\">in\u00b2<\/option><\/select><svg class=\"pointer-events-none col-start-1 row-start-1 mr-2 size-5 self-center justify-self-end text-gray-500 sm:size-4\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-slot=\"icon\">\n              <path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4.22 6.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 8.94l2.72-2.72a.75.75 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-3.25 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.22 7.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" \/>\n            <\/svg><\/div><\/div><small id=\"calc-info-7\">Original cross-section of the specimen, perpendicular to the force. A 10 mm \u00d7 10 mm bar has A = 100 mm\u00b2.<\/small><\/div><div class=\"field is-single has-term\" id=\"input-6\" hidden><label for=\"field-9\">Original length (L\u2080)<\/label><div class=\"term\">L\u2080<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><div class=\"field-group\"><input type=\"text\" name=\"original_length_l\" id=\"field-9\" aria-describedby=\"calc-info-9\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" placeholder=\"e.g. 1000\" min=\"0\" value=\"1000\"\/><div class=\"grid grid-cols-1\"><select id=\"field-10\" name=\"unit\" aria-label=\"Unit\"><option value=\"mm\" selected>mm<\/option><option value=\"cm\">cm<\/option><option value=\"m\">m<\/option><option value=\"in\">in<\/option><option value=\"ft\">ft<\/option><\/select><svg class=\"pointer-events-none col-start-1 row-start-1 mr-2 size-5 self-center justify-self-end text-gray-500 sm:size-4\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-slot=\"icon\">\n              <path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4.22 6.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 8.94l2.72-2.72a.75.75 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-3.25 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.22 7.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" \/>\n            <\/svg><\/div><\/div><small id=\"calc-info-9\">Length of the specimen before the force is applied (gauge length).<\/small><\/div><div class=\"field is-single has-term\" id=\"input-7\" hidden><label for=\"field-11\">Length change (\u0394L)<\/label><div class=\"term\">\u0394L<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><div class=\"field-group\"><input type=\"text\" name=\"length_change_l\" id=\"field-11\" aria-describedby=\"calc-info-11\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" placeholder=\"e.g. 0.1\" min=\"0\" value=\"0.1\"\/><div class=\"grid grid-cols-1\"><select id=\"field-12\" name=\"unit\" aria-label=\"Unit\"><option value=\"mm\" selected>mm<\/option><option value=\"cm\">cm<\/option><option value=\"m\">m<\/option><option value=\"in\">in<\/option><option value=\"ft\">ft<\/option><\/select><svg class=\"pointer-events-none col-start-1 row-start-1 mr-2 size-5 self-center justify-self-end text-gray-500 sm:size-4\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-slot=\"icon\">\n              <path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4.22 6.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 8.94l2.72-2.72a.75.75 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-3.25 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.22 7.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" \/>\n            <\/svg><\/div><\/div><small id=\"calc-info-11\">Extension (positive) or compression of the specimen under the force. Must not be zero.<\/small><\/div><\/fieldset><div class=\"buttons\"><button type=\"submit\" data-text=\"Re-Calculate\" id=\"calculate-button\" data-post=\"65881\">Calculate<\/button><button type=\"reset\">Reset<\/button><\/div><div class=\"field is-checkbox hidden!\" id=\"field-auto-calc\"><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"auto-calc\"><label for=\"auto-calc\">Calculate automatically<\/label><small>If enabled, the result will update automatically when you change any value.<\/small><\/div><div class=\"fieldset-result is-hidden\" aria-labelledby=\"result-title\" aria-live=\"polite\" role=\"region\"> <h3 class=\"result-title bg-gradient-to-r from-primary-50 to-gray-50 dark:from-primary-900 dark:to-gray-800\" id=\"result-title\"><span class=\"icon icon-s-pulse\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span> Young&#039;s Modulus Results<\/h3><div class=\"result-box\"><div class=\"field-result is-column\" id=\"output-1\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>Young&#039;s modulus of elasticity<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-1\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Copy Result\" aria-label=\"Copy Result\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"field-result is-column\" id=\"output-2\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>Formula, stress\u2013strain summary and notes<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-2\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Copy Result\" aria-label=\"Copy Result\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"result-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-link\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M12.232 4.232a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3.536 3.536l-1.225 1.224a.75.75 0 0 0 1.061 1.06l1.224-1.224a4 4 0 0 0-5.656-5.656l-3 3a4 4 0 0 0 .225 5.865.75.75 0 0 0 .977-1.138 2.5 2.5 0 0 1-.142-3.667l3-3Z\"\/><path d=\"M11.603 7.963a.75.75 0 0 0-.977 1.138 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 .142 3.667l-3 3a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-3.536-3.536l1.225-1.224a.75.75 0 0 0-1.061-1.06l-1.224 1.224a4 4 0 1 0 5.656 5.656l3-3a4 4 0 0 0-.225-5.865Z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"copy-link__text\">Copy link to this calculation<\/span><\/button><span class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" id=\"copy-link-status\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><a href=\"#respond\" class=\"hidden transition-opacity duration-300 opacity-0 w-50 text-sm justify-center items-center gap-2 px-4 py-2 rounded bg-gray-200 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-300\" id=\"leave-comment\"><span class=\"icon icon-comments\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Leave a Comment<\/a><\/form><\/section><section id=\"calc-reactions\" class=\"not-prose hidden my-12 bg-gradient-to-r from-primary-50 to-gray-50 border border-indigo-100 rounded-xl px-6 py-4 shadow-sm\" data-post=\"65881\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-labelledby=\"calc-reactions-title\"><p id=\"calc-reactions-title\" class=\"text-sm text-gray-500 text-center mb-2\">How did this result make you feel?<\/p><div role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"calc-reactions-title\" class=\"grid grid-cols-3 sm:flex sm:flex-row sm:justify-around gap-4 sm:items-center sm:flex-wrap\"><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"like\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"like\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\ude00 <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Like <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"helpful\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"helpful\">0<\/span><span 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class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Disappointed <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"inaccurate\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"inaccurate\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u274c <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Inaccurate <\/span><\/button><\/div><div id=\"reaction-message\" class=\"hidden mt-8 rounded-md border border-primary-100 bg-white\/50 backdrop-blur-sm px-4 py-2 text-sm text-center shadow-sm\"><\/div><\/section><div class=\"calcdash-ad not-prose calcdash-ad--calc_result calcdash-ad--in-article\"><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-1721569815777345\" data-ad-slot=\"6317458308\" data-ad-layout=\"in-article\" data-ad-format=\"fluid\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/div>\n<style id=\"wpcoderpro-inline-1\">.formula-box {\r\n\tborder-bottom: none !important;\r\n}<\/style><section class=\"formula-box\" aria-labelledby=\"formula-title\">\r\n\t<div id=\"formula-title\" class=\"not-prose font-display mb-4\"><span class=\"icon icon-formula\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2>Young's Modulus Formula<\/h2><\/div>\r\n\t<figure class=\"not-prose formula\">\r\n\t\t<figcaption class=\"formula-title\">Formula<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<div class=\"text-base text-gray-800\" id=\"formula\">\n\\[ E = \\frac{\\sigma}{\\varepsilon} = \\frac{F \/ A}{\\Delta L \/ L_0} = \\frac{F \\, L_0}{A \\, \\Delta L} \\]\n<\/div>\r\n\t<\/figure>\r\n\t<\/p>\n<p><strong>Where:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\\(E\\) \u2014 Young's modulus of elasticity (Pa)<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\sigma\\) \u2014 stress, the force per unit area \\(\\sigma = F\/A\\) (Pa)<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\varepsilon\\) \u2014 strain, the relative deformation \\(\\varepsilon = \\Delta L \/ L_0\\) (dimensionless)<\/li>\n<li>\\(F\\) \u2014 applied tensile or compressive force (N)<\/li>\n<li>\\(A\\) \u2014 original cross-sectional area of the specimen (m\u00b2)<\/li>\n<li>\\(L_0\\) \u2014 original length of the specimen (m)<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\Delta L\\) \u2014 change in length under the load (m)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The formula expresses Hooke's law in its ratio form: Young's modulus is the constant ratio between stress and strain in the elastic region, i.e. the slope of the straight-line portion of the stress\u2013strain curve.<\/p>\n<p>\r\n<\/section>\n<style id=\"wpcoderpro-inline-459\">.calculation-box {\r\n\tborder-bottom: none !important;\r\n}<\/style><section id=\"calculation\" class=\"calculation-box\" aria-labelledby=\"calculation-title\">\r\n\t<div id=\"calculation-title\" class=\"not-prose font-display\"><span class=\"icon icon-unordered-list\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2>Young's Modulus \u2013 Calculation Example<\/h2><\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong> a steel rod is loaded so that the stress in it is 200 MPa and it stretches by 0.1% of its original length.<\/p>\n<p>\\[ \\varepsilon = 0.1\\% = 0.001 \\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[ E = \\frac{\\sigma}{\\varepsilon} = \\frac{200\\,000\\,000\\ \\text{Pa}}{0.001} = 200\\,000\\,000\\,000\\ \\text{Pa} \\]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Result:<\/strong> \\(E = 200\\ \\text{GPa}\\) \u2014 a typical value for structural steel.<\/p>\n<p>\n\r\n<\/section>\n<h2>How to Use the Calculator<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Open the <strong>Calculation method<\/strong> dropdown and choose <em>From stress &amp; strain<\/em> if you already know these two values, or <em>From force, area &amp; lengths<\/em> if you want the calculator to derive stress and strain for you.<\/li>\n<li>For the first method, enter <strong>Stress (\u03c3)<\/strong> with its unit (Pa, kPa, MPa, GPa or psi) and <strong>Strain (\u03b5)<\/strong> as a decimal fraction \u2014 0.001 means 0.1% extension.<\/li>\n<li>For the second method, enter the <strong>Force (F)<\/strong> (N, kN, lbf or kgf), the <strong>Cross-sectional area (A)<\/strong> (mm\u00b2, cm\u00b2, m\u00b2 or in\u00b2), the <strong>Original length (L\u2080)<\/strong> and the <strong>Length change (\u0394L)<\/strong> in matching length units.<\/li>\n<li>Read the result: Young's modulus is shown in GPa, MPa, Pa, psi, ksi and psf, together with a summary of the stress and strain used in the calculation.<\/li>\n<li>Check the interpretation note, which compares your result with typical values for common materials such as steel, aluminium, concrete and rubber.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>What Is Young's Modulus?<\/h2>\n<p>Young's modulus (also called the elastic modulus or modulus of elasticity) is a material property that describes how stiff a material is \u2014 how much it resists being stretched or compressed. It is defined as the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region of deformation, where the material returns to its original shape once the load is removed. The higher the modulus, the more force is needed to produce the same amount of deformation.<\/p>\n<p>Stress \\(\\sigma = F\/A\\) measures the intensity of the load \u2014 the force spread over the cross-sectional area \u2014 while strain \\(\\varepsilon = \\Delta L \/ L_0\\) measures the response \u2014 the extension or compression relative to the original length. Because strain is dimensionless, Young's modulus has the same units as stress, usually gigapascals (GPa) in metric practice or pounds per square inch (psi) in imperial units.<\/p>\n<p>The result tells you the slope of the linear part of the stress\u2013strain curve. A value of 200 GPa means that a 1-metre bar of the material stretches by only 5 micrometres for every megapascal of applied stress. Typical values range from roughly 0.01 GPa for soft rubber to about 1100 GPa for diamond; structural steel sits near 200 GPa, aluminium alloys around 70 GPa, and concrete around 30 GPa. Knowing a material's modulus is essential in structural engineering for predicting deflections, in materials science for characterising new materials, and in any situation where elastic deformation matters \u2014 from bridges to springs.<\/p>\n<h2>Assumptions, Limitations and Practical Tips<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Linear elastic range only.<\/strong> The formula \\(E = \\sigma\/\\varepsilon\\) is valid only below the proportional limit, where stress and strain are proportional. Beyond it, the material yields or deforms nonlinearly and a single modulus no longer describes its behaviour.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Homogeneous and isotropic material.<\/strong> The calculation assumes the stiffness is the same everywhere and in every direction. Wood, composites and fibre-reinforced materials are anisotropic \u2014 their modulus along the grain can be several times higher than across it.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Small deformations.<\/strong> Use the original cross-sectional area \\(A\\) and original length \\(L_0\\), not the values measured under load. For large strains, the engineering stress\u2013strain definition becomes inaccurate.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Positive magnitudes.<\/strong> Enter the magnitude of the extension or compression; the calculator rejects zero or negative values. In practice, tension and compression moduli of the same material are usually close, but some materials (e.g. concrete) behave very differently in compression and tension.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temperature and rate effects.<\/strong> Young's modulus decreases with temperature and can depend on how quickly the load is applied, especially in polymers. Values in reference tables are usually measured at room temperature under slow loading.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Typical Young's Modulus Values<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Material<\/th>\n<th>Young's modulus (GPa)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Rubber (natural)<\/td>\n<td>0.01 \u2013 0.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nylon<\/td>\n<td>2 \u2013 4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Wood (along grain)<\/td>\n<td>9 \u2013 16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Concrete<\/td>\n<td>30 \u2013 40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Aluminium alloy<\/td>\n<td>69 \u2013 79<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Brass<\/td>\n<td>100 \u2013 110<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Copper<\/td>\n<td>110 \u2013 130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Steel (structural)<\/td>\n<td>190 \u2013 210<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tungsten<\/td>\n<td>400 \u2013 411<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Diamond<\/td>\n<td>1050 \u2013 1200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>If you are analysing the forces in a loaded structure, you may also find our <a href=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/physics\/tension-in-ropes-calculator\/\">tension in ropes calculator<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/physics\/friction-force-calculator\/\">friction force calculator<\/a> useful. For the energy stored in a deformed elastic body, see the <a href=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/physics\/elastic-potential-energy-calculator\/\">elastic potential energy calculator<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Calculate Young's modulus of elasticity from stress and strain, or from force, cross-sectional area and length change. Results in GPa, MPa, Pa and psi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3168,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[62],"tags":[73],"class_list":["post-65881","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-physics","tag-mechanics"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65881","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3168"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=65881"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65881\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":65918,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65881\/revisions\/65918"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=65881"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=65881"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=65881"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}