{"id":66528,"date":"2026-10-06T17:44:27","date_gmt":"2026-10-06T14:44:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/?p=66528"},"modified":"2026-10-06T17:44:27","modified_gmt":"2026-10-06T14:44:27","slug":"braggs-law-calculator","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/chemistry\/braggs-law-calculator\/","title":{"rendered":"Bragg's Law Calculator"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"not-prose calculator-box\" aria-labelledby=\"calculator-title\"><div class=\"flex items-baseline sm:items-center justify-between gap-2 sm:gap-3\"><div class=\"flex flex-col sm:flex-row sm:items-center gap-2\"><span class=\"icon icon-calculator text-primary-700! text-base! dark:text-primary-300!\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 id=\"calculator-title\" class=\"text-lg font-display font-bold\">Solve Bragg&#039;s Law for Spacing, Angle or Wavelength<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"calcdash-favorite group\">\n  <button type=\"button\" class=\"favorite\" id=\"favorite\" data-favorite-id=\"66528\" data-favorite-title=\"Bragg&#039;s Law\" data-favorite-url=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/chemistry\/braggs-law-calculator\/\" data-favorite-excerpt=\"Bragg&#039;s Law calculator solves n\u03bb = 2d\u00b7sin \u03b8 for lattice-plane spacing, diffraction angle 2\u03b8, or X-ray wavelength. Enter any three of the four quantities and get the fourth instantly.\" aria-label=\"Add to Favorites\" data-favorite-icon=\"icon icon-molecule\">\n    <span class=\"icon icon-shape-star-empty\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"calcdash-favorite__tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n   <span class=\"favorite-tooltip\" id=\"favorite-tooltip\"><\/span>\n  <\/div>\n  <span class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" id=\"favorite-status\"><\/span>\n<\/div><\/div><form action=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/chemistry\/braggs-law-calculator\/\" method=\"POST\" class=\"calculator\" id=\"calculator-66528\" data-post=\"66528\"><fieldset class=\"fieldset-input is-2\"><legend class=\"sr-only\">Input Fields<\/legend><div class=\"field is-single\" id=\"input-1\"><label for=\"field-1\">Solve for<\/label><div class=\"grid grid-cols-1\"><select id=\"field-1\" name=\"solve_for\"><option value=\"d\" selected>Lattice-plane spacing (d)<\/option><option value=\"angle\">Diffraction angle (2\u03b8)<\/option><option value=\"lambda\">X-ray wavelength (\u03bb)<\/option><\/select><svg class=\"pointer-events-none col-start-1 row-start-1 mr-2 size-5 self-center justify-self-end text-gray-500 sm:size-4\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-slot=\"icon\">\n              <path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4.22 6.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 8.94l2.72-2.72a.75.75 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-3.25 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.22 7.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" \/>\n            <\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-2\"><label for=\"field-2\">Wavelength (\u03bb)<\/label><div class=\"term\">\u03bb<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><div class=\"field-group\"><input type=\"text\" name=\"wavelength_\" id=\"field-2\" aria-describedby=\"calc-info-2\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" placeholder=\"e.g. 1.5406\" min=\"0\" value=\"1.5406\"\/><div class=\"grid grid-cols-1\"><select id=\"field-3\" name=\"unit\" aria-label=\"Unit\"><option value=\"A\" selected>\u00c5<\/option><option value=\"nm\">nm<\/option><option value=\"pm\">pm<\/option><\/select><svg class=\"pointer-events-none col-start-1 row-start-1 mr-2 size-5 self-center justify-self-end text-gray-500 sm:size-4\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-slot=\"icon\">\n              <path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4.22 6.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 8.94l2.72-2.72a.75.75 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-3.25 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.22 7.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" \/>\n            <\/svg><\/div><\/div><small id=\"calc-info-2\">X-ray wavelength \u2014 1.5406 \u00c5 is Cu K\u03b1 radiation<\/small><\/div><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-3\"><label for=\"field-4\">Diffraction angle (2\u03b8)<\/label><div class=\"term\">2\u03b8<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><input type=\"text\" name=\"diffraction_angle_2\" id=\"field-4\" aria-describedby=\"calc-unit-4 calc-info-4\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" placeholder=\"e.g. 30\" min=\"0\" max=\"180\" value=\"30\"\/><div class=\"unit\" id=\"calc-unit-4\">\u00b0<\/div><small id=\"calc-info-4\">Angle between the incident and diffracted beam, as reported by a diffractometer<\/small><\/div><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-4\"><label for=\"field-5\">Reflection order (n)<\/label><div class=\"term\">n<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><input type=\"text\" name=\"reflection_order_n\" id=\"field-5\" aria-describedby=\"calc-info-5\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" placeholder=\"e.g. 1\" min=\"1\" value=\"1\"\/><small id=\"calc-info-5\">First-order reflection (n = 1) is the standard choice<\/small><\/div><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-5\"><label for=\"field-6\">Plane spacing (d)<\/label><div class=\"term\">d<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><div class=\"field-group\"><input type=\"text\" name=\"plane_spacing_d\" id=\"field-6\" aria-describedby=\"calc-info-6\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" placeholder=\"e.g. 3.0\" min=\"0\" value=\"3\"\/><div class=\"grid grid-cols-1\"><select id=\"field-7\" name=\"unit\" aria-label=\"Unit\"><option value=\"A\" selected>\u00c5<\/option><option value=\"nm\">nm<\/option><option value=\"pm\">pm<\/option><\/select><svg class=\"pointer-events-none col-start-1 row-start-1 mr-2 size-5 self-center justify-self-end text-gray-500 sm:size-4\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-slot=\"icon\">\n              <path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4.22 6.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 8.94l2.72-2.72a.75.75 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-3.25 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.22 7.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" \/>\n            <\/svg><\/div><\/div><small id=\"calc-info-6\">Interplanar spacing of the reflecting lattice planes<\/small><\/div><\/fieldset><div class=\"buttons\"><button type=\"submit\" data-text=\"Re-Calculate\" id=\"calculate-button\" data-post=\"66528\">Calculate<\/button><button type=\"reset\">Reset<\/button><\/div><div class=\"field is-checkbox hidden!\" id=\"field-auto-calc\"><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"auto-calc\"><label for=\"auto-calc\">Calculate automatically<\/label><small>If enabled, the result will update automatically when you change any value.<\/small><\/div><div class=\"fieldset-result is-hidden\" aria-labelledby=\"result-title\" aria-live=\"polite\" role=\"region\"> <h3 class=\"result-title bg-gradient-to-r from-primary-50 to-gray-50 dark:from-primary-900 dark:to-gray-800\" id=\"result-title\"><span class=\"icon icon-s-pulse\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span> Diffraction Results<\/h3><div class=\"result-box\"><div class=\"field-result is-column\" id=\"output-1\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>Solution<\/span><span class=\"result-term\">\u2192<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-1\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Copy Result\" aria-label=\"Copy Result\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"field-result\" id=\"output-2\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>Half-Angle \u03b8<\/span><span class=\"result-term\">\u03b8<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-2\" data-unit=\"\u00b0\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Copy Result\" aria-label=\"Copy Result\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"field-result\" id=\"output-3\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>sin \u03b8<\/span><span class=\"result-term\">sin \u03b8<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-3\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Copy Result\" aria-label=\"Copy Result\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"field-result is-column\" id=\"output-4\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>Calculation Details<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-4\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Copy Result\" aria-label=\"Copy Result\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"result-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-link\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M12.232 4.232a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3.536 3.536l-1.225 1.224a.75.75 0 0 0 1.061 1.06l1.224-1.224a4 4 0 0 0-5.656-5.656l-3 3a4 4 0 0 0 .225 5.865.75.75 0 0 0 .977-1.138 2.5 2.5 0 0 1-.142-3.667l3-3Z\"\/><path d=\"M11.603 7.963a.75.75 0 0 0-.977 1.138 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 .142 3.667l-3 3a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-3.536-3.536l1.225-1.224a.75.75 0 0 0-1.061-1.06l-1.224 1.224a4 4 0 1 0 5.656 5.656l3-3a4 4 0 0 0-.225-5.865Z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"copy-link__text\">Copy link to this calculation<\/span><\/button><span class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" id=\"copy-link-status\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><a href=\"#respond\" class=\"hidden transition-opacity duration-300 opacity-0 w-50 text-sm justify-center items-center gap-2 px-4 py-2 rounded bg-gray-200 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-300\" id=\"leave-comment\"><span class=\"icon icon-comments\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Leave a Comment<\/a><\/form><\/section><section id=\"calc-reactions\" class=\"not-prose hidden my-12 bg-gradient-to-r from-primary-50 to-gray-50 border border-indigo-100 rounded-xl px-6 py-4 shadow-sm\" data-post=\"66528\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-labelledby=\"calc-reactions-title\"><p id=\"calc-reactions-title\" class=\"text-sm text-gray-500 text-center mb-2\">How did this result make you feel?<\/p><div role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"calc-reactions-title\" class=\"grid grid-cols-3 sm:flex sm:flex-row sm:justify-around gap-4 sm:items-center sm:flex-wrap\"><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"like\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"like\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\ude00 <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Like <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"helpful\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"helpful\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\udca1 <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Helpful <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"confused\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"confused\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\ude15 <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Confused <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"disappointed\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"disappointed\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\ude1e <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Disappointed <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"inaccurate\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"inaccurate\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u274c <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Inaccurate <\/span><\/button><\/div><div id=\"reaction-message\" class=\"hidden mt-8 rounded-md border border-primary-100 bg-white\/50 backdrop-blur-sm px-4 py-2 text-sm text-center shadow-sm\"><\/div><\/section><div class=\"calcdash-ad not-prose calcdash-ad--calc_result calcdash-ad--in-article\"><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-1721569815777345\" data-ad-slot=\"6317458308\" data-ad-layout=\"in-article\" data-ad-format=\"fluid\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/div>\n<style id=\"wpcoderpro-inline-1\">.formula-box {\r\n\tborder-bottom: none !important;\r\n}<\/style><section class=\"formula-box\" aria-labelledby=\"formula-title\">\r\n\t<div id=\"formula-title\" class=\"not-prose font-display mb-4\"><span class=\"icon icon-formula\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2>Bragg's Law Formula<\/h2><\/div>\r\n\t<figure class=\"not-prose formula\">\r\n\t\t<figcaption class=\"formula-title\">Formula<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<div class=\"text-base text-gray-800\" id=\"formula\">\n\\[ n\\lambda = 2d\\sin\\theta \\]\n\\[ d = \\frac{n\\lambda}{2\\sin\\theta} \\qquad \\theta = \\arcsin\\!\\left(\\frac{n\\lambda}{2d}\\right) \\qquad \\lambda = \\frac{2d\\sin\\theta}{n} \\]<\/div>\r\n\t<\/figure>\r\n\t<\/p>\n<p><strong>Where:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\\(n\\) \u2014 reflection order (a whole number, 1, 2, 3, \u2026)<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\lambda\\) \u2014 wavelength of the incident X-rays (\u00c5, nm or pm)<\/li>\n<li>\\(d\\) \u2014 spacing between adjacent lattice planes (same units as \\(\\lambda\\))<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\theta\\) \u2014 glancing (Bragg) angle, half of the diffractometer angle \\(2\\theta\\)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The law states that constructive interference \u2014 and therefore a diffraction peak \u2014 occurs only when the path difference between X-rays reflected from successive planes equals a whole number of wavelengths. Note that diffractometers report \\(2\\theta\\), the angle between the incident and diffracted beams, so \\(\\theta = 2\\theta\/2\\) must be used in the formula.<\/p>\n<p>\r\n<\/section>\n<style id=\"wpcoderpro-inline-459\">.calculation-box {\r\n\tborder-bottom: none !important;\r\n}<\/style><section id=\"calculation\" class=\"calculation-box\" aria-labelledby=\"calculation-title\">\r\n\t<div id=\"calculation-title\" class=\"not-prose font-display\"><span class=\"icon icon-unordered-list\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2>Bragg's Law \u2013 Calculation Example<\/h2><\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong> a powder diffraction pattern is recorded with copper K\u03b1 radiation (\u03bb = 1.5406 \u00c5). A first-order reflection (n = 1) appears at 2\u03b8 = 30\u00b0. Find the spacing of the planes that produced it.<\/p>\n<p>\\[ \\theta = \\frac{2\\theta}{2} = \\frac{30\u00b0}{2} = 15\u00b0 \\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[ d = \\frac{n\\lambda}{2\\sin\\theta} = \\frac{1 \\times 1.5406}{2 \\times \\sin 15\u00b0} = \\frac{1.5406}{2 \\times 0.2588} = \\frac{1.5406}{0.5176} \\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[ d \\approx 2.9758\\ \\text{\u00c5} \\]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Result:<\/strong> the lattice-plane spacing is d \u2248 2.976 \u00c5 (about 0.2976 nm or 297.6 pm).<\/p>\n<p>\n\r\n<\/section>\n<h2>How to Use the Calculator<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Open the <strong>Solve for<\/strong> dropdown and choose whether you want the lattice-plane spacing (d), the diffraction angle (2\u03b8), or the X-ray wavelength (\u03bb).<\/li>\n<li>Enter the <strong>Wavelength (\u03bb)<\/strong> of the radiation and pick its unit (\u00c5, nm or pm). For copper K\u03b1 radiation, keep the default 1.5406 \u00c5.<\/li>\n<li>Enter the <strong>Diffraction angle (2\u03b8)<\/strong> in degrees, exactly as reported by the diffractometer \u2014 the calculator halves it for you.<\/li>\n<li>Set the <strong>Reflection order (n)<\/strong>; use 1 unless you are analyzing a higher-order reflection.<\/li>\n<li>If you are solving for the angle or the wavelength, also fill in the <strong>Plane spacing (d)<\/strong> with its unit.<\/li>\n<li>The results appear immediately: the requested quantity, the half-angle \u03b8, sin \u03b8, and a step-by-step substitution showing the check against Bragg's law.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>What Is Bragg's Law?<\/h2>\n<p>Bragg's law, formulated by William Henry Bragg and his son William Lawrence Bragg in 1913, is the fundamental equation of X-ray diffraction. When X-rays strike a crystal, they scatter off the regularly arranged atoms. Rays reflected from parallel lattice planes travel different distances: the ray bouncing off a deeper plane travels an extra \\(2d\\sin\\theta\\) compared with the ray from the plane above. If this extra path equals a whole number of wavelengths (\\(n\\lambda\\)), the reflected waves arrive in phase and reinforce each other, producing a sharp diffraction peak. If not, they interfere destructively and almost no intensity is observed.<\/p>\n<p>The law is the bridge between a diffraction pattern and the atomic structure of a material. Every peak position in a powder pattern corresponds to one family of lattice planes satisfying \\(n\\lambda = 2d\\sin\\theta\\). By measuring the angles of the peaks and knowing the wavelength, crystallographers reconstruct the lattice spacings and, from them, the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms. This is how crystal structures of minerals, metals, pharmaceuticals and proteins were \u2014 and still are \u2014 determined.<\/p>\n<p>Interpreting the result is straightforward: a peak at a large angle corresponds to a small d-spacing (closely spaced planes), and vice versa. If the calculator reports an error when solving for the angle, the combination \\(n\\lambda &gt; 2d\\) would require \\(\\sin\\theta &gt; 1\\), which is physically impossible \u2014 that reflection simply cannot occur for the given wavelength and spacing.<\/p>\n<h2>Assumptions, Limitations and Practical Tips<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Use \u03b8, not 2\u03b8.<\/strong> This is the most common mistake. Diffractometers scan and report 2\u03b8; the formula requires the half-angle. This calculator accepts 2\u03b8 directly and does the halving internally.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Units must match.<\/strong> The wavelength and the spacing can be in any consistent unit; the calculator converts \u00c5, nm and pm automatically, so you can mix them freely in the two unit selectors.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Higher orders.<\/strong> A second-order reflection (n = 2) from a set of planes appears at exactly the same angle as a first-order reflection from planes with half the spacing, which is why n = 1 with the \"effective\" d is the usual convention in powder diffraction indexing.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Idealized model.<\/strong> The law assumes perfectly parallel, equally spaced planes and elastic, specular reflection. Real crystals have strain, size broadening, thermal vibrations and defects, which broaden and weaken peaks but do not shift the Bragg positions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wavelength choice matters.<\/strong> A shorter wavelength (e.g. Mo K\u03b1, 0.7107 \u00c5) reaches smaller d-spacings and compresses the pattern into lower angles; a longer wavelength (Cr K\u03b1, 2.2910 \u00c5) spreads it out and improves low-angle resolution.<\/li>\n<li><strong>No absorption or intensity information.<\/strong> Bragg's law predicts only peak positions, not peak intensities, which depend on the arrangement of atoms within the unit cell (structure factors).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Common Laboratory X-Ray Wavelengths<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Anode<\/th>\n<th>Line<\/th>\n<th>\u03bb (\u00c5)<\/th>\n<th>Typical use<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Copper<\/td>\n<td>Cu K\u03b1<\/td>\n<td>1.5406<\/td>\n<td>General powder diffraction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cobalt<\/td>\n<td>Co K\u03b1<\/td>\n<td>1.7902<\/td>\n<td>Iron and steel samples (less Fe fluorescence)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Molybdenum<\/td>\n<td>Mo K\u03b1<\/td>\n<td>0.7107<\/td>\n<td>Single crystals, small molecules<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Chromium<\/td>\n<td>Cr K\u03b1<\/td>\n<td>2.2910<\/td>\n<td>Residual-stress analysis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Iron<\/td>\n<td>Fe K\u03b1<\/td>\n<td>1.9373<\/td>\n<td>Heavy-oxide and mineral samples<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>X-ray diffraction is often paired with other analytical techniques to fully characterize a sample: after identifying a compound's lattice spacings here, you might confirm its molecular mass with the <a href=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/chemistry\/mass-spectrometry-m-z-calculator\/\">Mass Spectrometry m\/z Calculator<\/a> or check the separation quality of its components with the <a href=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/chemistry\/chromatography-resolution-calculator\/\">Chromatography Resolution Calculator<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bragg's Law calculator solves n\u03bb = 2d\u00b7sin \u03b8 for lattice-plane spacing, diffraction angle 2\u03b8, or X-ray wavelength. Enter any three of the four quantities and get the fourth instantly.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3168,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[54],"tags":[61],"class_list":["post-66528","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chemistry","tag-bonding"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66528","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3168"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=66528"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66528\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":66529,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66528\/revisions\/66529"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=66528"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=66528"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=66528"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}