{"id":66975,"date":"2026-10-13T10:44:57","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T07:44:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/?p=66975"},"modified":"2026-10-13T10:44:57","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T07:44:57","slug":"laplace-pressure-calculator","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/physics\/laplace-pressure-calculator\/","title":{"rendered":"Laplace Pressure Calculator"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"not-prose calculator-box\" aria-labelledby=\"calculator-title\"><div class=\"flex items-baseline sm:items-center justify-between gap-2 sm:gap-3\"><div class=\"flex flex-col sm:flex-row sm:items-center gap-2\"><span class=\"icon icon-calculator text-primary-700! text-base! dark:text-primary-300!\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 id=\"calculator-title\" class=\"text-lg font-display font-bold\">Find the Excess Pressure Inside a Droplet or Bubble<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"calcdash-favorite group\">\n  <button type=\"button\" class=\"favorite\" id=\"favorite\" data-favorite-id=\"66975\" data-favorite-title=\"Laplace Pressure\" data-favorite-url=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/physics\/laplace-pressure-calculator\/\" data-favorite-excerpt=\"Calculate the Laplace pressure (excess pressure) inside a droplet, soap bubble, or cylindrical liquid surface. Enter the surface tension and radius of curvature to get the pressure difference in Pa, kPa, psi, mmHg and more.\" aria-label=\"Add to Favorites\" data-favorite-icon=\"icon icon-drop\">\n    <span class=\"icon icon-shape-star-empty\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"calcdash-favorite__tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n   <span class=\"favorite-tooltip\" id=\"favorite-tooltip\"><\/span>\n  <\/div>\n  <span class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" id=\"favorite-status\"><\/span>\n<\/div><\/div><form action=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/physics\/laplace-pressure-calculator\/\" method=\"POST\" class=\"calculator\" id=\"calculator-66975\" data-post=\"66975\"><fieldset class=\"fieldset-input is-1\"><legend class=\"sr-only\">Input Fields<\/legend><div class=\"field\" id=\"input-1\"><label for=\"field-1\">Interface type<\/label><div class=\"grid grid-cols-1\"><select id=\"field-1\" name=\"interface_type\"><option value=\"droplet\" selected>Spherical droplet or bubble in gas (one surface)<\/option><option value=\"soap\">Soap bubble (two surfaces)<\/option><option value=\"cylinder\">Cylindrical surface (jet, meniscus)<\/option><\/select><svg class=\"pointer-events-none col-start-1 row-start-1 mr-2 size-5 self-center justify-self-end text-gray-500 sm:size-4\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-slot=\"icon\">\n              <path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4.22 6.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 8.94l2.72-2.72a.75.75 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-3.25 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.22 7.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" \/>\n            <\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-2\"><label for=\"field-2\">Surface tension (\u03b3)<\/label><div class=\"term\">\u03b3<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><div class=\"field-group\"><input type=\"text\" name=\"surface_tension_\" id=\"field-2\" aria-describedby=\"calc-info-2\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" placeholder=\"e.g. 72\" min=\"0\" value=\"72\"\/><div class=\"grid grid-cols-1\"><select id=\"field-3\" name=\"unit\" aria-label=\"Unit\"><option value=\"nm\">N\/m<\/option><option value=\"mnm\" selected>mN\/m<\/option><option value=\"dyncm\">dyn\/cm<\/option><option value=\"lbfft\">lbf\/ft<\/option><\/select><svg class=\"pointer-events-none col-start-1 row-start-1 mr-2 size-5 self-center justify-self-end text-gray-500 sm:size-4\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-slot=\"icon\">\n              <path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4.22 6.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 8.94l2.72-2.72a.75.75 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-3.25 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.22 7.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" \/>\n            <\/svg><\/div><\/div><small id=\"calc-info-2\">Water \u2248 72 mN\/m, mercury \u2248 486 mN\/m, soapy water \u2248 25\u201335 mN\/m at room temperature.<\/small><\/div><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-3\"><label for=\"field-4\">Radius of curvature (r)<\/label><div class=\"term\">r<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><div class=\"field-group\"><input type=\"text\" name=\"radius_of_curvature_r\" id=\"field-4\" aria-describedby=\"calc-info-4\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" placeholder=\"e.g. 1\" min=\"0\" value=\"1\"\/><div class=\"grid grid-cols-1\"><select id=\"field-5\" name=\"unit\" aria-label=\"Unit\"><option value=\"mm\" selected>mm<\/option><option value=\"um\">\u00b5m<\/option><option value=\"cm\">cm<\/option><option value=\"m\">m<\/option><option value=\"in\">in<\/option><\/select><svg class=\"pointer-events-none col-start-1 row-start-1 mr-2 size-5 self-center justify-self-end text-gray-500 sm:size-4\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-slot=\"icon\">\n              <path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4.22 6.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 8.94l2.72-2.72a.75.75 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-3.25 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.22 7.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" \/>\n            <\/svg><\/div><\/div><small id=\"calc-info-4\">Radius of the curved surface. For a non-spherical surface, use the mean radius of curvature.<\/small><\/div><\/fieldset><div class=\"buttons\"><button type=\"submit\" data-text=\"Re-Calculate\" id=\"calculate-button\" data-post=\"66975\">Calculate<\/button><button type=\"reset\">Reset<\/button><\/div><div class=\"field is-checkbox hidden!\" id=\"field-auto-calc\"><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"auto-calc\"><label for=\"auto-calc\">Calculate automatically<\/label><small>If enabled, the result will update automatically when you change any value.<\/small><\/div><div class=\"fieldset-result is-hidden\" aria-labelledby=\"result-title\" aria-live=\"polite\" role=\"region\"> <h3 class=\"result-title bg-gradient-to-r from-primary-50 to-gray-50 dark:from-primary-900 dark:to-gray-800\" id=\"result-title\"><span class=\"icon icon-s-pulse\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span> Laplace Pressure Results<\/h3><div class=\"result-box\"><div class=\"field-result is-column\" id=\"output-1\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>Pressure difference across the interface<\/span><span class=\"result-term\">\u0394P<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-1\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Copy Result\" aria-label=\"Copy Result\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"field-result is-column\" id=\"output-2\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>Details and interpretation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-2\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Copy Result\" aria-label=\"Copy Result\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"result-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-link\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M12.232 4.232a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3.536 3.536l-1.225 1.224a.75.75 0 0 0 1.061 1.06l1.224-1.224a4 4 0 0 0-5.656-5.656l-3 3a4 4 0 0 0 .225 5.865.75.75 0 0 0 .977-1.138 2.5 2.5 0 0 1-.142-3.667l3-3Z\"\/><path d=\"M11.603 7.963a.75.75 0 0 0-.977 1.138 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 .142 3.667l-3 3a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-3.536-3.536l1.225-1.224a.75.75 0 0 0-1.061-1.06l-1.224 1.224a4 4 0 1 0 5.656 5.656l3-3a4 4 0 0 0-.225-5.865Z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"copy-link__text\">Copy link to this calculation<\/span><\/button><span class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" id=\"copy-link-status\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><a href=\"#respond\" class=\"hidden transition-opacity duration-300 opacity-0 w-50 text-sm justify-center items-center gap-2 px-4 py-2 rounded bg-gray-200 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-300\" id=\"leave-comment\"><span class=\"icon icon-comments\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Leave a Comment<\/a><\/form><\/section><section id=\"calc-reactions\" class=\"not-prose hidden my-12 bg-gradient-to-r from-primary-50 to-gray-50 border border-indigo-100 rounded-xl px-6 py-4 shadow-sm\" data-post=\"66975\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-labelledby=\"calc-reactions-title\"><p id=\"calc-reactions-title\" class=\"text-sm text-gray-500 text-center mb-2\">How did this result make you feel?<\/p><div role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"calc-reactions-title\" class=\"grid grid-cols-3 sm:flex sm:flex-row sm:justify-around gap-4 sm:items-center sm:flex-wrap\"><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"like\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"like\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\ude00 <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Like <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"helpful\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"helpful\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\udca1 <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Helpful <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"confused\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"confused\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\ude15 <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Confused <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"disappointed\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"disappointed\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\ude1e <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Disappointed <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"inaccurate\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"inaccurate\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u274c <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Inaccurate <\/span><\/button><\/div><div id=\"reaction-message\" class=\"hidden mt-8 rounded-md border border-primary-100 bg-white\/50 backdrop-blur-sm px-4 py-2 text-sm text-center shadow-sm\"><\/div><\/section><div class=\"calcdash-ad not-prose calcdash-ad--calc_result calcdash-ad--in-article\"><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-1721569815777345\" data-ad-slot=\"6317458308\" data-ad-layout=\"in-article\" data-ad-format=\"fluid\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/div>\n<style id=\"wpcoderpro-inline-1\">.formula-box {\r\n\tborder-bottom: none !important;\r\n}<\/style><section class=\"formula-box\" aria-labelledby=\"formula-title\">\r\n\t<div id=\"formula-title\" class=\"not-prose font-display mb-4\"><span class=\"icon icon-formula\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2>Laplace Pressure Formula<\/h2><\/div>\r\n\t<figure class=\"not-prose formula\">\r\n\t\t<figcaption class=\"formula-title\">Formula<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<div class=\"text-base text-gray-800\" id=\"formula\">\n\\[ \\Delta P = \\frac{2\\gamma}{r} \\quad (\\text{spherical droplet or bubble, one surface}) \\qquad \\Delta P = \\frac{4\\gamma}{r} \\quad (\\text{soap bubble, two surfaces}) \\qquad \\Delta P = \\frac{\\gamma}{r} \\quad (\\text{cylindrical surface}) \\]\n<\/div>\r\n\t<\/figure>\r\n\t<\/p>\n<p><strong>Where:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\\(\\Delta P\\) \u2014 pressure difference across the curved interface, in pascals (Pa); the pressure inside minus the pressure outside<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\gamma\\) \u2014 surface tension of the liquid, in N\/m<\/li>\n<li>\\(r\\) \u2014 radius of curvature of the interface, in m<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These are forms of the Young\u2013Laplace equation. A curved interface with surface tension behaves like a stretched membrane: the tighter the curvature (smaller \\(r\\)) and the stronger the surface tension, the larger the excess pressure needed on the concave side to keep the surface in mechanical equilibrium. The multiplier (2, 4 or 1) depends on the shape and on how many liquid\u2013gas surfaces are present.<\/p>\n<p>\r\n<\/section>\n<style id=\"wpcoderpro-inline-459\">.calculation-box {\r\n\tborder-bottom: none !important;\r\n}<\/style><section id=\"calculation\" class=\"calculation-box\" aria-labelledby=\"calculation-title\">\r\n\t<div id=\"calculation-title\" class=\"not-prose font-display\"><span class=\"icon icon-unordered-list\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2>Laplace Pressure \u2013 Calculation Example<\/h2><\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong> a spherical water droplet in air with a radius of 1 mm. The surface tension of water at room temperature is about 72 mN\/m (0.072 N\/m), and the droplet has one curved surface, so the factor is 2.<\/p>\n<p>\\[ \\Delta P = \\frac{2\\gamma}{r} = \\frac{2 \\times 0.072\\ \\text{N\/m}}{0.001\\ \\text{m}} = 144\\ \\text{Pa} \\]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Result:<\/strong> the pressure inside the droplet is about 144 Pa (0.144 kPa \u2248 1.44 mbar) higher than the surrounding air pressure.<\/p>\n<p>\n\r\n<\/section>\n<h2>How to use the calculator<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Choose the <strong>Interface type<\/strong>: a spherical droplet or gas bubble in liquid (one surface, factor 2), a soap bubble (two surfaces, factor 4), or a cylindrical surface such as a liquid jet or meniscus (factor 1).<\/li>\n<li>Enter the <strong>Surface tension (\u03b3)<\/strong> of the liquid and select its unit \u2014 N\/m, mN\/m, dyn\/cm or lbf\/ft. Water is about 72 mN\/m; the field info line lists other common values.<\/li>\n<li>Enter the <strong>Radius of curvature (r)<\/strong> and select its unit \u2014 mm, \u00b5m, cm, m or in.<\/li>\n<li>Read the <strong>Pressure difference across the interface<\/strong>, shown in Pa and converted to kPa, mbar, atm, psi and mmHg, together with a detailed breakdown of the calculation and its interpretation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>What is Laplace pressure?<\/h2>\n<p>Laplace pressure (also called capillary pressure or excess pressure) is the pressure jump that exists across any curved liquid\u2013gas or liquid\u2013liquid interface. It is a direct consequence of surface tension: molecules at a surface are pulled inward, so a curved surface behaves like a stretched elastic skin that squeezes the liquid on the concave side. The result is always a <em>higher<\/em> pressure on the inside of the curve \u2014 inside a droplet, inside a gas bubble, or inside a soap bubble.<\/p>\n<p>The effect follows from the Young\u2013Laplace equation, \\(\\Delta P = \\gamma (1\/R_1 + 1\/R_2)\\), where \\(R_1\\) and \\(R_2\\) are the two principal radii of curvature. For a sphere both radii equal \\(r\\), giving \\(\\Delta P = 2\\gamma\/r\\). For a cylinder one radius is infinite, leaving \\(\\Delta P = \\gamma\/r\\). A soap bubble is special: it has a thin liquid film with an inner and an outer surface, each contributing \\(2\\gamma\/r\\), so the total is \\(4\\gamma\/r\\).<\/p>\n<p>The most important feature of the result is its inverse proportionality to radius. A 1 mm water droplet carries an excess pressure of only ~144 Pa, but shrink the same droplet to 1 \u00b5m and the excess pressure rises to ~144,000 Pa \u2014 about 1.4 atmospheres. This size dependence explains why tiny droplets evaporate faster than large ones (their higher internal vapour pressure), why small bubbles dissolve more readily in champagne, why pulmonary surfactant is needed to stabilize the small alveoli of the lungs, and why capillary forces dominate gravity at the millimetre scale and below. When analysing the motion of such small droplets through air, you may also find the <a href=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/physics\/drag-force-calculator\/\">Drag Force Calculator<\/a> useful; the rate at which they lose heat while evaporating can be estimated with the <a href=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/physics\/convection-heat-transfer-calculator\/\">Convection Heat Transfer Calculator<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Assumptions and limitations<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Static, ideal shape.<\/strong> The formulas assume a perfectly spherical or cylindrical interface at mechanical equilibrium. Oscillating, elongated or rapidly deforming droplets deviate from this.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Uniform surface tension.<\/strong> Surfactants or temperature gradients make \\(\\gamma\\) vary over the surface, which produces Marangoni flows not captured by the simple formula.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Small Bond number.<\/strong> Gravity flattens large droplets; the spherical model is accurate only when the droplet is small compared with the capillary length (~2.7 mm for water). Large puddles and raindrops need shape corrections.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Negligible film thickness.<\/strong> The soap-bubble formula assumes the film is much thinner than the bubble radius, so both surfaces share essentially the same radius.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Constant values.<\/strong> Surface tension drops with temperature (water falls from 72 mN\/m at 25 \u00b0C to about 59 mN\/m at 100 \u00b0C), so use the value at your working temperature for accurate results.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Typical surface tension values<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Liquid (approx. 20\u201325 \u00b0C)<\/th>\n<th>\u03b3 (mN\/m)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Water<\/td>\n<td>72<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Soapy water<\/td>\n<td>25\u201335<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ethanol<\/td>\n<td>22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mercury<\/td>\n<td>486<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Benzene<\/td>\n<td>29<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Glycerol<\/td>\n<td>63<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>To model the pressure inside a gas bubble surrounded by liquid, use the droplet option (one curved surface). For vapour bubbles forming during boiling or cavitation, the same \\(2\\gamma\/r\\) relation sets the pressure \u2014 and hence the temperature \u2014 at which the bubble can grow; heat delivery to the surrounding liquid can be checked with the <a href=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/physics\/newtons-law-of-cooling-calculator\/\">Newton's Law of Cooling Calculator<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Calculate the Laplace pressure (excess pressure) inside a droplet, soap bubble, or cylindrical liquid surface. Enter the surface tension and radius of curvature to get the pressure difference in Pa, kPa, psi, mmHg and more.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3168,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[62],"tags":[88],"class_list":["post-66975","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-physics","tag-fluids"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66975","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3168"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=66975"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66975\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":66976,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66975\/revisions\/66976"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=66975"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=66975"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=66975"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}