{"id":2131,"date":"2026-10-14T22:13:38","date_gmt":"2026-10-14T21:13:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/quimica\/calculadora-lei-de-kohlrausch\/"},"modified":"2026-10-14T22:13:38","modified_gmt":"2026-10-14T21:13:38","slug":"calculadora-lei-de-kohlrausch","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/quimica\/calculadora-lei-de-kohlrausch\/","title":{"rendered":"Calculadora da Lei de Kohlrausch"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"not-prose calculator-box\" aria-labelledby=\"calculator-title\"><div class=\"flex items-baseline sm:items-center justify-between gap-2 sm:gap-3\"><div class=\"flex flex-col sm:flex-row sm:items-center gap-2\"><span class=\"icon icon-calculator text-primary-700! text-base! dark:text-primary-300!\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 id=\"calculator-title\" class=\"text-lg font-display font-bold\">Calcule a condutividade molar limitante do eletr\u00f3lito a partir de seus \u00edons<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"calcdash-favorite group\">\n  <button type=\"button\" class=\"favorite\" id=\"favorite\" data-favorite-id=\"2131\" data-favorite-title=\"Lei de Kohlrausch\" data-favorite-url=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/quimica\/calculadora-lei-de-kohlrausch\/\" data-favorite-excerpt=\"Calcule a condutividade molar limite de qualquer eletr\u00f3lito em dilui\u00e7\u00e3o infinita a partir das condutividades i\u00f4nicas e dos coeficientes estequiom\u00e9tricos, usando a lei da migra\u00e7\u00e3o independente dos \u00edons de Kohlrausch.\" aria-label=\"Adicionar aos favoritos\" data-favorite-icon=\"icon icon-chemistry\">\n    <span class=\"icon icon-shape-star-empty\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"calcdash-favorite__tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n   <span class=\"favorite-tooltip\" id=\"favorite-tooltip\"><\/span>\n  <\/div>\n  <span class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" id=\"favorite-status\"><\/span>\n<\/div><\/div><form action=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/quimica\/calculadora-lei-de-kohlrausch\/\" method=\"POST\" class=\"calculator\" id=\"calculator-2131\" data-post=\"2131\"><fieldset class=\"fieldset-input is-2\"><legend class=\"sr-only\">Campos de entrada<\/legend><div class=\"is-single field\" id=\"input-1\"><span class=\"font-semibold\">C\u00e1tion (\u00edon positivo)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"field\" id=\"input-2\"><label for=\"field-2\">Nome do c\u00e1tion<\/label><input type=\"text\" name=\"nome_do_ction\" id=\"field-2\" placeholder=\"ex.: Na\u207a\" step=\"any\" value=\"Na\u207a\"\/><\/div><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-3\"><label for=\"field-3\">Condutividade molar limitante (\u03bb\u00b0\u208a)<\/label><div class=\"term\">\u03bb\u00b0\u208a<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><input type=\"text\" name=\"condutividade_molar_limitante_\" id=\"field-3\" aria-describedby=\"calc-unit-3 calc-info-3\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" min=\"0\" value=\"50.11\"\/><div class=\"unit\" id=\"calc-unit-3\">S\u00b7cm\u00b2\/mol<\/div><small id=\"calc-info-3\">Condutividade molar limitante i\u00f4nica em dilui\u00e7\u00e3o infinita a 25 \u00b0C (Na\u207a = 50,11; K\u207a = 73,5; Ca\u00b2\u207a = 119,0).<\/small><\/div><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-4\"><label for=\"field-4\">Coeficiente estequiom\u00e9trico (\u03bd\u208a)<\/label><div class=\"term\">\u03bd\u208a<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><input type=\"text\" name=\"coeficiente_estequiomtrico_\" id=\"field-4\" aria-describedby=\"calc-info-4\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" min=\"1\" value=\"1\"\/><small id=\"calc-info-4\">N\u00famero de c\u00e1tions por unidade de f\u00f3rmula, ex.: 1 no NaCl, 2 no Ca(OH)\u2082.<\/small><\/div><div class=\"field is-checkbox is-single\" id=\"input-5\"><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"field-5\" value=\"1\"\/><label for=\"field-5\">Adicionar um segundo c\u00e1tion<\/label><\/div><div class=\"field\" id=\"input-6\" hidden><label for=\"field-6\">Nome do segundo c\u00e1tion<\/label><input type=\"text\" name=\"nome_do_segundo_ction\" id=\"field-6\" placeholder=\"ex.: Ca\u00b2\u207a\" step=\"any\" value=\"Ca\u00b2\u207a\"\/><\/div><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-7\" hidden><label for=\"field-7\">Condutividade molar limitante (\u03bb\u00b0\u208a\u2082)<\/label><div class=\"term\">\u03bb\u00b0\u208a\u2082<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><input type=\"text\" name=\"condutividade_molar_limitante_\" id=\"field-7\" aria-describedby=\"calc-unit-7\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" min=\"0\" value=\"119\"\/><div class=\"unit\" id=\"calc-unit-7\">S\u00b7cm\u00b2\/mol<\/div><\/div><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-8\" hidden><label for=\"field-8\">Coeficiente estequiom\u00e9trico (\u03bd\u208a\u2082)<\/label><div class=\"term\">\u03bd\u208a\u2082<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><input type=\"text\" name=\"coeficiente_estequiomtrico_\" id=\"field-8\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" min=\"1\" value=\"1\"\/><\/div><div class=\"is-single field\" id=\"input-9\"><span class=\"font-semibold\">\u00c2nion (\u00edon negativo)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"field\" id=\"input-10\"><label for=\"field-10\">Nome do \u00e2nion<\/label><input type=\"text\" name=\"nome_do_nion\" id=\"field-10\" placeholder=\"ex.: Cl\u207b\" step=\"any\" value=\"Cl\u207b\"\/><\/div><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-11\"><label for=\"field-11\">Condutividade molar limitante (\u03bb\u00b0\u208b)<\/label><div class=\"term\">\u03bb\u00b0\u208b<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><input type=\"text\" name=\"condutividade_molar_limitante_\" id=\"field-11\" aria-describedby=\"calc-unit-11 calc-info-11\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" min=\"0\" value=\"76.35\"\/><div class=\"unit\" id=\"calc-unit-11\">S\u00b7cm\u00b2\/mol<\/div><small id=\"calc-info-11\">Condutividade molar limitante i\u00f4nica em dilui\u00e7\u00e3o infinita a 25 \u00b0C (Cl\u207b = 76,35; OH\u207b = 198,3; SO\u2084\u00b2\u207b = 160,0).<\/small><\/div><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-12\"><label for=\"field-12\">Coeficiente estequiom\u00e9trico (\u03bd\u208b)<\/label><div class=\"term\">\u03bd\u208b<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><input type=\"text\" name=\"coeficiente_estequiomtrico_\" id=\"field-12\" aria-describedby=\"calc-info-12\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" min=\"1\" value=\"1\"\/><small id=\"calc-info-12\">N\u00famero de \u00e2nions por unidade de f\u00f3rmula, ex.: 2 no CaCl\u2082 ou no Na\u2082SO\u2084.<\/small><\/div><div class=\"field is-checkbox is-single\" id=\"input-13\"><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"field-13\" value=\"1\"\/><label for=\"field-13\">Adicionar um segundo \u00e2nion<\/label><\/div><div class=\"field\" id=\"input-14\" hidden><label for=\"field-14\">Nome do segundo \u00e2nion<\/label><input type=\"text\" name=\"nome_do_segundo_nion\" id=\"field-14\" placeholder=\"ex.: SO\u2084\u00b2\u207b\" step=\"any\" value=\"SO\u2084\u00b2\u207b\"\/><\/div><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-15\" hidden><label for=\"field-15\">Condutividade molar limitante (\u03bb\u00b0\u208b\u2082)<\/label><div class=\"term\">\u03bb\u00b0\u208b\u2082<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><input type=\"text\" name=\"condutividade_molar_limitante_\" id=\"field-15\" aria-describedby=\"calc-unit-15\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" min=\"0\" value=\"160\"\/><div class=\"unit\" id=\"calc-unit-15\">S\u00b7cm\u00b2\/mol<\/div><\/div><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-16\" hidden><label for=\"field-16\">Coeficiente estequiom\u00e9trico (\u03bd\u208b\u2082)<\/label><div class=\"term\">\u03bd\u208b\u2082<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><input type=\"text\" name=\"coeficiente_estequiomtrico_\" id=\"field-16\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" min=\"1\" value=\"1\"\/><\/div><div class=\"field is-single\" id=\"input-17\"><label for=\"field-17\">Unidade de sa\u00edda<\/label><div class=\"grid grid-cols-1\"><select id=\"field-17\" name=\"unidade_de_sada\"><option value=\"scm2\" selected>S\u00b7cm\u00b2\/mol (comum em tabelas)<\/option><option value=\"m2\">S\u00b7m\u00b2\/mol (SI)<\/option><\/select><svg class=\"pointer-events-none col-start-1 row-start-1 mr-2 size-5 self-center justify-self-end text-gray-500 sm:size-4\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-slot=\"icon\">\n              <path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4.22 6.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 8.94l2.72-2.72a.75.75 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-3.25 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.22 7.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" \/>\n            <\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/fieldset><div class=\"buttons\"><button type=\"submit\" data-text=\"Recalcular\" id=\"calculate-button\" data-post=\"2131\">Calcular<\/button><button type=\"reset\">Redefinir<\/button><\/div><div class=\"field is-checkbox hidden!\" id=\"field-auto-calc\"><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"auto-calc\"><label for=\"auto-calc\">Calcular automaticamente<\/label><small>Se ativado, o resultado \u00e9 atualizado automaticamente quando voc\u00ea altera qualquer valor.<\/small><\/div><div class=\"fieldset-result is-hidden\" aria-labelledby=\"result-title\" aria-live=\"polite\" role=\"region\"> <h3 class=\"result-title bg-gradient-to-r from-primary-50 to-gray-50 dark:from-primary-900 dark:to-gray-800\" id=\"result-title\"><span class=\"icon icon-s-pulse\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span> Resultados da lei de Kohlrausch<\/h3><div class=\"result-box\"><div class=\"field-result\" id=\"output-1\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>Condutividade molar limitante (\u039b\u00b0\u2098)<\/span><span class=\"result-term\">\u039b\u00b0\u2098<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-1\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Copiar resultado\" aria-label=\"Copiar resultado\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"field-result is-column\" id=\"output-2\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>Contribui\u00e7\u00f5es dos \u00edons<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-2\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Copiar resultado\" aria-label=\"Copiar resultado\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"field-result is-column\" id=\"output-3\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>Detalhes do c\u00e1lculo<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-3\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Copiar resultado\" aria-label=\"Copiar resultado\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"field-result is-column\" id=\"output-4\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>Sobre a lei da migra\u00e7\u00e3o independente dos \u00edons de Kohlrausch<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-4\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Copiar resultado\" aria-label=\"Copiar resultado\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"result-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-link\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M12.232 4.232a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3.536 3.536l-1.225 1.224a.75.75 0 0 0 1.061 1.06l1.224-1.224a4 4 0 0 0-5.656-5.656l-3 3a4 4 0 0 0 .225 5.865.75.75 0 0 0 .977-1.138 2.5 2.5 0 0 1-.142-3.667l3-3Z\"\/><path d=\"M11.603 7.963a.75.75 0 0 0-.977 1.138 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 .142 3.667l-3 3a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-3.536-3.536l1.225-1.224a.75.75 0 0 0-1.061-1.06l-1.224 1.224a4 4 0 1 0 5.656 5.656l3-3a4 4 0 0 0-.225-5.865Z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"copy-link__text\">Copiar link para este c\u00e1lculo<\/span><\/button><span class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" id=\"copy-link-status\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><a href=\"#respond\" class=\"hidden transition-opacity duration-300 opacity-0 w-50 text-sm justify-center items-center gap-2 px-4 py-2 rounded bg-gray-200 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-300\" id=\"leave-comment\"><span class=\"icon icon-comments\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Deixar um coment\u00e1rio<\/a><\/form><\/section><section id=\"calc-reactions\" class=\"not-prose hidden my-12 bg-gradient-to-r from-primary-50 to-gray-50 border border-indigo-100 rounded-xl px-6 py-4 shadow-sm\" data-post=\"2131\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-labelledby=\"calc-reactions-title\"><p id=\"calc-reactions-title\" class=\"text-sm text-gray-500 text-center mb-2\">O que voc\u00ea achou deste resultado?<\/p><div role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"calc-reactions-title\" class=\"grid grid-cols-3 sm:flex sm:flex-row sm:justify-around gap-4 sm:items-center sm:flex-wrap\"><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"like\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"like\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\ude00 <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Curti <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"helpful\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"helpful\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\udca1 <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">\u00datil <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"confused\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"confused\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\ude15 <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Confuso <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"disappointed\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"disappointed\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\ude1e <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Decepcionado <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"inaccurate\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"inaccurate\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u274c <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Impreciso <\/span><\/button><\/div><div id=\"reaction-message\" class=\"hidden mt-8 rounded-md border border-primary-100 bg-white\/50 backdrop-blur-sm px-4 py-2 text-sm text-center shadow-sm\"><\/div><\/section><div class=\"calcdash-ad not-prose calcdash-ad--calc_result calcdash-ad--in-article\"><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-1721569815777345\" data-ad-slot=\"6317458308\" data-ad-layout=\"in-article\" data-ad-format=\"fluid\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/div>\n<style id=\"wpcoderpro-inline-1\">.formula-box {\r\n\tborder-bottom: none !important;\r\n}<\/style><section class=\"formula-box\" aria-labelledby=\"formula-title\">\r\n\t<div id=\"formula-title\" class=\"not-prose font-display mb-4\"><span class=\"icon icon-formula\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2>F\u00f3rmula da lei de Kohlrausch<\/h2><\/div>\r\n\t<figure class=\"not-prose formula\">\r\n\t\t<figcaption class=\"formula-title\">F\u00f3rmula<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<div class=\"text-base text-gray-800\" id=\"formula\">\n\\[ \\Lambda^\\circ_m = \\nu_+ \\lambda^\\circ_+ + \\nu_- \\lambda^\\circ_- \\quad \\text{ou, em geral,} \\quad \\Lambda^\\circ_m = \\sum_i \\nu_i \\lambda^\\circ_i \\]\n<\/div>\r\n\t<\/figure>\r\n\t<\/p>\n<p><strong>Onde:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\\(\\Lambda^\\circ_m\\) \u2014 condutividade molar limite do eletr\u00f3lito em dilui\u00e7\u00e3o infinita (S\u00b7cm\u00b2\/mol)<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\lambda^\\circ_i\\) \u2014 condutividade molar limite (condutividade i\u00f4nica) do \u00edon \\(i\\) em dilui\u00e7\u00e3o infinita (S\u00b7cm\u00b2\/mol)<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\nu_i\\) \u2014 coeficiente estequiom\u00e9trico do \u00edon \\(i\\) na unidade de f\u00f3rmula (por exemplo, 2 para o Cl\u207b no CaCl\u2082)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A f\u00f3rmula expressa a lei de Kohlrausch da migra\u00e7\u00e3o independente dos \u00edons: em dilui\u00e7\u00e3o infinita, cada \u00edon contribui para a condutividade total de modo independente dos demais. Por isso, a condutividade molar limite do eletr\u00f3lito \u00e9 simplesmente a soma das condutividades i\u00f4nicas ponderadas pelos seus coeficientes estequiom\u00e9tricos.<\/p>\n<p>\r\n<\/section>\n<style id=\"wpcoderpro-inline-2\">.calculation-box {\r\n\tborder-bottom: none !important;\r\n}<\/style><section id=\"calculation\" class=\"calculation-box\" aria-labelledby=\"calculation-title\">\r\n\t<div id=\"calculation-title\" class=\"not-prose font-display\"><span class=\"icon icon-unordered-list\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2>Lei de Kohlrausch \u2013 Exemplo de c\u00e1lculo<\/h2><\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exemplo:<\/strong> um eletr\u00f3lito cuja unidade de f\u00f3rmula cont\u00e9m um \u00edon Na\u207a, um \u00edon Ca\u00b2\u207a, um \u00edon Cl\u207b e um \u00edon SO\u2084\u00b2\u207b. Os quatro \u00edons t\u00eam coeficiente estequiom\u00e9trico igual a 1, e suas condutividades molares limites a 25 \u00b0C s\u00e3o \u03bb\u00b0(Na\u207a) = 50,11, \u03bb\u00b0(Ca\u00b2\u207a) = 119,0, \u03bb\u00b0(Cl\u207b) = 76,35 e \u03bb\u00b0(SO\u2084\u00b2\u207b) = 160,0 S\u00b7cm\u00b2\/mol \u2014 exatamente os valores predefinidos da calculadora.<\/p>\n<p>\\[ \\Lambda^\\circ_m = 1 \\times 50.11 + 1 \\times 119.0 + 1 \\times 76.35 + 1 \\times 160.0 = 405.46 \\ \\text{S\u00b7cm}^2\\!\/\\text{mol} \\]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Resultado:<\/strong> \\(\\Lambda^\\circ_m = 405.46\\) S\u00b7cm\u00b2\/mol (o que equivale a 0,040546 S\u00b7m\u00b2\/mol).<\/p>\n<p>Se, em vez disso, voc\u00ea desmarcar as caixas \"Adicionar um segundo c\u00e1tion\" e \"Adicionar um segundo \u00e2nion\", os mesmos dados se reduzem ao NaCl: \\(\\Lambda^\\circ_m(\\text{NaCl}) = 50.11 + 76.35 = 126.46\\) S\u00b7cm\u00b2\/mol, o valor tabelado aceito.<\/p>\n<p>\n\r\n<\/section>\n<h2>Como usar a calculadora<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Digite o <strong>Nome do c\u00e1tion<\/strong> (opcional, usado apenas como r\u00f3tulo) e sua <strong>Condutividade molar limite (\u03bb\u00b0\u208a)<\/strong> em S\u00b7cm\u00b2\/mol, por exemplo 50,11 para o Na\u207a.<\/li>\n<li>Defina o <strong>Coeficiente estequiom\u00e9trico (\u03bd\u208a)<\/strong> do c\u00e1tion \u2014 o n\u00famero de c\u00e1tions desse tipo por unidade de f\u00f3rmula, por exemplo 2 para o Na\u207a no Na\u2082SO\u2084.<\/li>\n<li>Se o sal tiver dois c\u00e1tions diferentes (por exemplo, KAl(SO\u2084)\u2082), marque <strong>Adicionar um segundo c\u00e1tion<\/strong> e preencha nome, \u03bb\u00b0 e coeficiente do segundo c\u00e1tion; caso contr\u00e1rio, deixe a caixa desmarcada.<\/li>\n<li>Repita os mesmos passos para o \u00e2nion: <strong>Nome do \u00e2nion<\/strong>, <strong>Condutividade molar limite (\u03bb\u00b0\u208b)<\/strong>, <strong>Coeficiente estequiom\u00e9trico (\u03bd\u208b)<\/strong> e, opcionalmente, <strong>Adicionar um segundo \u00e2nion<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Escolha a <strong>Unidade de sa\u00edda<\/strong> \u2014 S\u00b7cm\u00b2\/mol (a unidade usada na maioria das tabelas de dados) ou S\u00b7m\u00b2\/mol (a unidade do SI).<\/li>\n<li>Leia o resultado: a <strong>Condutividade molar limite (\u039b\u00b0\u2098)<\/strong>, a decomposi\u00e7\u00e3o das contribui\u00e7\u00f5es de cada \u00edon e a substitui\u00e7\u00e3o completa s\u00e3o exibidas imediatamente.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>O que \u00e9 a lei da migra\u00e7\u00e3o independente dos \u00edons de Kohlrausch?<\/h2>\n<p>Quando um campo el\u00e9trico \u00e9 aplicado a uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o eletrol\u00edtica, c\u00e1tions e \u00e2nions migram e conduzem a corrente. Friedrich Kohlrausch descobriu (por volta de 1875) que, na <em>dilui\u00e7\u00e3o infinita<\/em> \u2014 quando os \u00edons est\u00e3o t\u00e3o afastados que deixam de interagir \u2014, cada \u00edon migra de forma independente do seu contra-\u00edon. A condutividade molar do eletr\u00f3lito como um todo \u00e9, portanto, simplesmente a soma das condutividades i\u00f4nicas individuais, cada uma multiplicada pelo n\u00famero de \u00edons desse tipo que a unidade de f\u00f3rmula produz na dissocia\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p>Uma prova experimental cl\u00e1ssica \u00e9 a regra das diferen\u00e7as: \\(\\Lambda^\\circ_m(\\text{KCl}) - \\Lambda^\\circ_m(\\text{NaCl})\\) \u00e9 igual a \\(\\Lambda^\\circ_m(\\text{KBr}) - \\Lambda^\\circ_m(\\text{NaBr})\\), pois a contribui\u00e7\u00e3o do \u00e2nion se cancela e resta apenas a diferen\u00e7a entre K\u207a e Na\u207a. Essa aditividade \u00e9 exatamente o que a calculadora reproduz.<\/p>\n<p>A lei \u00e9 mais valiosa para <strong>eletr\u00f3litos fracos<\/strong>, como o \u00e1cido ac\u00e9tico. Eletr\u00f3litos fortes obedecem \u00e0 lei da raiz quadrada de Kohlrausch \\(\\Lambda_m = \\Lambda^\\circ_m - K\\sqrt{c}\\), de modo que sua condutividade limite pode ser obtida extrapolando os valores medidos at\u00e9 a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o zero. Eletr\u00f3litos fracos permanecem quase totalmente associados mesmo em baixa concentra\u00e7\u00e3o, ent\u00e3o a extrapola\u00e7\u00e3o falha \u2014 mas a lei de Kohlrausch fornece a resposta diretamente: \\(\\Lambda^\\circ_m(\\text{CH}_3\\text{COOH}) = \\lambda^\\circ(\\text{H}^+) + \\lambda^\\circ(\\text{CH}_3\\text{COO}^-) = 349.65 + 40.9 \\approx 390.6\\) S\u00b7cm\u00b2\/mol.<\/p>\n<p>Depois de conhecer \\(\\Lambda^\\circ_m\\), compar\u00e1-lo com uma condutividade molar medida \\(\\Lambda_m\\) na concentra\u00e7\u00e3o \\(c\\) fornece o grau de dissocia\u00e7\u00e3o \\(\\alpha = \\Lambda_m \/ \\Lambda^\\circ_m\\) \u2014 o caminho padr\u00e3o em problemas de constante de dissocia\u00e7\u00e3o e solubilidade. Nossa <a href=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/chemistry\/molar-conductivity-calculator\/\">Calculadora de Condutividade Molar<\/a> cuida do passo \\(\\Lambda_m = \\kappa \/ c\\), e a <a href=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/chemistry\/solubility-product-ksp-calculator\/\">Calculadora de Produto de Solubilidade<\/a> abrange as aplica\u00e7\u00f5es com sais pouco sol\u00faveis.<\/p>\n<h2>Hip\u00f3teses e limita\u00e7\u00f5es<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Dilui\u00e7\u00e3o infinita:<\/strong> a lei vale estritamente apenas quando \\(c \\to 0\\). Em concentra\u00e7\u00f5es reais, as intera\u00e7\u00f5es \u00edon\u2013\u00edon (atmosferas i\u00f4nicas) reduzem \\(\\Lambda_m\\) abaixo de \\(\\Lambda^\\circ_m\\); para eletr\u00f3litos fortes, isso segue \\(\\Lambda_m = \\Lambda^\\circ_m - K\\sqrt{c}\\). Para saber como as atividades se desviam em concentra\u00e7\u00e3o finita, consulte a <a href=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/quimica\/calculadora-coeficiente-atividade-debye-huckel\/\">Calculadora de Coeficiente de Atividade de Debye\u2013H\u00fcckel<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temperatura:<\/strong> os valores tabelados de \u03bb\u00b0 referem-se a 25 \u00b0C em \u00e1gua. A condutividade aumenta cerca de 2\u20133% por grau; portanto, use valores medidos na sua temperatura se a alta precis\u00e3o for importante.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Por mol de \u00edons:<\/strong> \u03bb\u00b0 \u00e9 definido por mol do \u00edon como escrito, n\u00e3o por unidade de carga. Para o Ca\u00b2\u207a, \u03bb\u00b0 = 119,0 S\u00b7cm\u00b2\/mol j\u00e1 leva em conta a carga dupla \u2014 n\u00e3o multiplique por 2 novamente.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Neutralidade de carga:<\/strong> os coeficientes estequiom\u00e9tricos devem descrever uma unidade de f\u00f3rmula neutra (\\(\\sum \\nu_+ z_+ = \\sum \\nu_- z_-\\)); caso contr\u00e1rio, o \"sal\" digitado n\u00e3o pode existir e a soma n\u00e3o tem sentido.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dissocia\u00e7\u00e3o completa em dilui\u00e7\u00e3o infinita:<\/strong> mesmo os eletr\u00f3litos fracos s\u00e3o tratados como totalmente dissociados no limite \\(c \\to 0\\); a dissocia\u00e7\u00e3o parcial s\u00f3 importa em concentra\u00e7\u00e3o finita.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Convers\u00e3o de unidades:<\/strong> 1 S\u00b7cm\u00b2\/mol = 10\u207b\u2074 S\u00b7m\u00b2\/mol. As tabelas de dados quase sempre usam S\u00b7cm\u00b2\/mol, que \u00e9 a unidade de entrada padr\u00e3o da calculadora.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Refer\u00eancia: condutividades molares limites de \u00edons comuns (25 \u00b0C, S\u00b7cm\u00b2\/mol)<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>C\u00e1tion<\/th>\n<th>\u03bb\u00b0<\/th>\n<th>\u00c2nion<\/th>\n<th>\u03bb\u00b0<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>H\u207a<\/td>\n<td>349,65<\/td>\n<td>OH\u207b<\/td>\n<td>198,3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Li\u207a<\/td>\n<td>38,7<\/td>\n<td>Cl\u207b<\/td>\n<td>76,35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Na\u207a<\/td>\n<td>50,11<\/td>\n<td>Br\u207b<\/td>\n<td>78,1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>K\u207a<\/td>\n<td>73,5<\/td>\n<td>I\u207b<\/td>\n<td>76,8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>NH\u2084\u207a<\/td>\n<td>73,5<\/td>\n<td>NO\u2083\u207b<\/td>\n<td>71,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ag\u207a<\/td>\n<td>61,9<\/td>\n<td>HCO\u2083\u207b<\/td>\n<td>44,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mg\u00b2\u207a<\/td>\n<td>106,1<\/td>\n<td>CH\u2083COO\u207b<\/td>\n<td>40,9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ca\u00b2\u207a<\/td>\n<td>119,0<\/td>\n<td>SO\u2084\u00b2\u207b<\/td>\n<td>160,0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ba\u00b2\u207a<\/td>\n<td>127,2<\/td>\n<td>\u00bdSO\u2084\u00b2\u207b (por equivalente)<\/td>\n<td>80,0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Use esses valores diretamente nos campos \u03bb\u00b0 da calculadora. Note os valores notavelmente altos de H\u207a e OH\u207b \u2014 consequ\u00eancia do mecanismo de salto de pr\u00f3tons de Grotthuss na \u00e1gua, que tamb\u00e9m explica por que \u00e1cidos e bases fortes conduzem muito melhor do que seus sais.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Calcule a condutividade molar limite de qualquer eletr\u00f3lito em dilui\u00e7\u00e3o infinita a partir das condutividades i\u00f4nicas e dos coeficientes estequiom\u00e9tricos, usando a lei da migra\u00e7\u00e3o independente dos \u00edons de Kohlrausch.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3168,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[71],"class_list":["post-2131","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quimica","tag-estequiometria"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2131","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3168"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2131"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2131\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2613,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2131\/revisions\/2613"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2131"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2131"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2131"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}