{"id":408,"date":"2026-10-03T19:08:17","date_gmt":"2026-10-03T18:08:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/equilibrio-de-hardy-weinberg\/"},"modified":"2026-10-03T19:08:17","modified_gmt":"2026-10-03T18:08:17","slug":"equilibrio-de-hardy-weinberg","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/medicos\/equilibrio-de-hardy-weinberg\/","title":{"rendered":"Calculadora de Equil\u00edbrio de Hardy-Weinberg"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"not-prose calculator-box\" aria-labelledby=\"calculator-title\"><div class=\"flex items-baseline sm:items-center justify-between gap-2 sm:gap-3\"><div class=\"flex flex-col sm:flex-row sm:items-center gap-2\"><span class=\"icon icon-calculator text-primary-700! text-base! dark:text-primary-300!\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 id=\"calculator-title\" class=\"text-lg font-display font-bold\">Frequ\u00eancias de Hardy-Weinberg e Teste Qui-Quadrado<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"calcdash-favorite group\">\n  <button type=\"button\" class=\"favorite\" id=\"favorite\" data-favorite-id=\"408\" data-favorite-title=\"Equil\u00edbrio de Hardy-Weinberg\" data-favorite-url=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/medicos\/equilibrio-de-hardy-weinberg\/\" data-favorite-excerpt=\"Introduza as contagens observadas de indiv\u00edduos homozigotos dominantes, heterozigotos e homozigotos recessivos para calcular as frequ\u00eancias al\u00e9licas (p e q), as frequ\u00eancias genot\u00edpicas esperadas e uma estat\u00edstica qui-quadrado que testa se a popula\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 em equil\u00edbrio de Hardy-Weinberg.\" aria-label=\"Adicionar aos favoritos\" data-favorite-icon=\"icon icon-flask\">\n    <span class=\"icon icon-shape-star-empty\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"calcdash-favorite__tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n   <span class=\"favorite-tooltip\" id=\"favorite-tooltip\"><\/span>\n  <\/div>\n  <span class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" id=\"favorite-status\"><\/span>\n<\/div><\/div><form action=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/medicos\/equilibrio-de-hardy-weinberg\/\" method=\"POST\" class=\"calculator\" id=\"calculator-408\" data-post=\"408\"><fieldset class=\"fieldset-input is-1\"><legend class=\"sr-only\">Campos de entrada<\/legend><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-1\"><label for=\"field-1\">Homozigoto dominante<\/label><div class=\"term\">CH<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><input type=\"text\" name=\"homozigoto_dominante\" id=\"field-1\" aria-describedby=\"calc-info-1\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" min=\"0\" value=\"50\"\/><small id=\"calc-info-1\">N\u00famero de indiv\u00edduos com gen\u00f3tipo homozigoto dominante (AA)<\/small><\/div><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-2\"><label for=\"field-2\">Heterozigoto<\/label><div class=\"term\">H<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><input type=\"text\" name=\"heterozigoto\" id=\"field-2\" aria-describedby=\"calc-info-2\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" min=\"0\" value=\"30\"\/><small id=\"calc-info-2\">N\u00famero de indiv\u00edduos heterozigotos (Aa)<\/small><\/div><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-3\"><label for=\"field-3\">Homozigoto recessivo<\/label><div class=\"term\">RH<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><input type=\"text\" name=\"homozigoto_recessivo\" id=\"field-3\" aria-describedby=\"calc-info-3\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" min=\"0\" value=\"20\"\/><small id=\"calc-info-3\">N\u00famero de indiv\u00edduos com gen\u00f3tipo homozigoto recessivo (aa)<\/small><\/div><\/fieldset><div class=\"buttons\"><button type=\"submit\" data-text=\"Recalcular\" id=\"calculate-button\" data-post=\"408\">Calcular<\/button><button type=\"reset\">Redefinir<\/button><\/div><div class=\"field is-checkbox hidden!\" id=\"field-auto-calc\"><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"auto-calc\"><label for=\"auto-calc\">Calcular automaticamente<\/label><small>Se ativado, o resultado \u00e9 atualizado automaticamente quando voc\u00ea altera qualquer valor.<\/small><\/div><div class=\"fieldset-result is-hidden\" aria-labelledby=\"result-title\" aria-live=\"polite\" role=\"region\"> <h3 class=\"result-title bg-gradient-to-r from-primary-50 to-gray-50 dark:from-primary-900 dark:to-gray-800\" id=\"result-title\"><span class=\"icon icon-s-pulse\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span> Seus resultados<\/h3><div class=\"result-box\"><div class=\"field-result\" id=\"output-1\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>Frequ\u00eancia al\u00e9lica p<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-1\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Copiar resultado\" aria-label=\"Copiar resultado\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"field-result\" id=\"output-2\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>Frequ\u00eancia al\u00e9lica q<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-2\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Copiar resultado\" aria-label=\"Copiar resultado\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"field-result\" id=\"output-3\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>CH esperado (AA)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-3\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Copiar resultado\" aria-label=\"Copiar resultado\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"field-result\" id=\"output-4\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>H esperado (Aa)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-4\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Copiar resultado\" aria-label=\"Copiar resultado\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"field-result\" id=\"output-5\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>RH esperado (aa)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-5\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Copiar resultado\" aria-label=\"Copiar resultado\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"field-result\" id=\"output-6\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>Qui-quadrado (\u03c7\u00b2)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-6\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Copiar resultado\" aria-label=\"Copiar resultado\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"result-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-link\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M12.232 4.232a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3.536 3.536l-1.225 1.224a.75.75 0 0 0 1.061 1.06l1.224-1.224a4 4 0 0 0-5.656-5.656l-3 3a4 4 0 0 0 .225 5.865.75.75 0 0 0 .977-1.138 2.5 2.5 0 0 1-.142-3.667l3-3Z\"\/><path d=\"M11.603 7.963a.75.75 0 0 0-.977 1.138 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 .142 3.667l-3 3a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-3.536-3.536l1.225-1.224a.75.75 0 0 0-1.061-1.06l-1.224 1.224a4 4 0 1 0 5.656 5.656l3-3a4 4 0 0 0-.225-5.865Z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"copy-link__text\">Copiar link para este c\u00e1lculo<\/span><\/button><span class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" id=\"copy-link-status\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><a href=\"#respond\" class=\"hidden transition-opacity duration-300 opacity-0 w-50 text-sm justify-center items-center gap-2 px-4 py-2 rounded bg-gray-200 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-300\" id=\"leave-comment\"><span class=\"icon icon-comments\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Deixar um coment\u00e1rio<\/a><\/form><\/section><section id=\"calc-reactions\" class=\"not-prose hidden my-12 bg-gradient-to-r from-primary-50 to-gray-50 border border-indigo-100 rounded-xl px-6 py-4 shadow-sm\" data-post=\"408\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-labelledby=\"calc-reactions-title\"><p id=\"calc-reactions-title\" class=\"text-sm text-gray-500 text-center mb-2\">O que voc\u00ea achou deste resultado?<\/p><div role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"calc-reactions-title\" class=\"grid grid-cols-3 sm:flex sm:flex-row sm:justify-around gap-4 sm:items-center sm:flex-wrap\"><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"like\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"like\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\ude00 <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Curti <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"helpful\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"helpful\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\udca1 <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">\u00datil <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"confused\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"confused\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\ude15 <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Confuso <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"disappointed\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"disappointed\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\ude1e <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Decepcionado <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"inaccurate\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"inaccurate\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u274c <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Impreciso <\/span><\/button><\/div><div id=\"reaction-message\" class=\"hidden mt-8 rounded-md border border-primary-100 bg-white\/50 backdrop-blur-sm px-4 py-2 text-sm text-center shadow-sm\"><\/div><\/section><div class=\"calcdash-ad not-prose calcdash-ad--calc_result calcdash-ad--in-article\"><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-1721569815777345\" data-ad-slot=\"6317458308\" data-ad-layout=\"in-article\" data-ad-format=\"fluid\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/div>\n<style id=\"wpcoderpro-inline-1\">.formula-box {\r\n\tborder-bottom: none !important;\r\n}<\/style><section class=\"formula-box\" aria-labelledby=\"formula-title\">\r\n\t<div id=\"formula-title\" class=\"not-prose font-display mb-4\"><span class=\"icon icon-formula\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2>F\u00f3rmula do Equil\u00edbrio de Hardy-Weinberg<\/h2><\/div>\r\n\t<figure class=\"not-prose formula\">\r\n\t\t<figcaption class=\"formula-title\">F\u00f3rmula<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<div class=\"text-base text-gray-800\" id=\"formula\">\n\\[ p = \\frac{CH + 0.5 \\cdot H}{CH + H + RH}, \\qquad q = \\frac{RH + 0.5 \\cdot H}{CH + H + RH} \\\\\nE_{CH} = p^2 N, \\qquad E_H = 2pqN, \\qquad E_{RH} = q^2 N \\\\\n\\chi^2 = \\frac{(CH - E_{CH})^2}{E_{CH}} + \\frac{(H - E_H)^2}{E_H} + \\frac{(RH - E_{RH})^2}{E_{RH}} \\]\n<\/div>\r\n\t<\/figure>\r\n\t<\/p>\n<p><strong>Onde:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\\(CH\\) \u2014 n\u00famero de indiv\u00edduos homozigotos dominantes (AA)<\/li>\n<li>\\(H\\) \u2014 n\u00famero de indiv\u00edduos heterozigotos (Aa)<\/li>\n<li>\\(RH\\) \u2014 n\u00famero de indiv\u00edduos homozigotos recessivos (aa)<\/li>\n<li>\\(N\\) \u2014 tamanho total da popula\u00e7\u00e3o, \\(N = CH + H + RH\\)<\/li>\n<li>\\(p\\), \\(q\\) \u2014 frequ\u00eancias dos alelos A e a (\\(p + q = 1\\))<\/li>\n<li>\\(E_{CH}\\), \\(E_H\\), \\(E_{RH}\\) \u2014 contagens genot\u00edpicas esperadas sob equil\u00edbrio<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\chi^2\\) \u2014 estat\u00edstica qui-quadrado que mede o desvio em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao equil\u00edbrio<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As duas primeiras equa\u00e7\u00f5es estimam as frequ\u00eancias al\u00e9licas a partir das contagens de gen\u00f3tipos (os heterozigotos contribuem com uma c\u00f3pia de cada alelo), as tr\u00eas intermedi\u00e1rias fornecem as contagens genot\u00edpicas esperadas sob o equil\u00edbrio de Hardy-Weinberg, e a \u00faltima quantifica o quanto as contagens observadas se desviam dessas expectativas.<\/p>\n<p>\r\n<\/section>\n<style id=\"wpcoderpro-inline-2\">.calculation-box {\r\n\tborder-bottom: none !important;\r\n}<\/style><section id=\"calculation\" class=\"calculation-box\" aria-labelledby=\"calculation-title\">\r\n\t<div id=\"calculation-title\" class=\"not-prose font-display\"><span class=\"icon icon-unordered-list\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2>Equil\u00edbrio de Hardy-Weinberg \u2013 Exemplo de C\u00e1lculo<\/h2><\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exemplo:<\/strong> uma amostra de 100 indiv\u00edduos cont\u00e9m 50 homozigotos dominantes (AA), 30 heterozigotos (Aa) e 20 homozigotos recessivos (aa).<\/p>\n<p>\\[ p = \\frac{50 + 0.5 \\cdot 30}{100} = 0.65, \\qquad q = \\frac{20 + 0.5 \\cdot 30}{100} = 0.35 \\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[ E_{CH} = 0.65^2 \\cdot 100 = 42.25, \\quad E_H = 2(0.65)(0.35) \\cdot 100 = 45.5, \\quad E_{RH} = 0.35^2 \\cdot 100 = 12.25 \\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[ \\chi^2 = \\frac{(50 - 42.25)^2}{42.25} + \\frac{(30 - 45.5)^2}{45.5} + \\frac{(20 - 12.25)^2}{12.25} \\approx 11.61 \\]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Resultado:<\/strong> \\(p = 0.65\\), \\(q = 0.35\\); contagens esperadas de 42,25 AA, 45,5 Aa e 12,25 aa; \\(\\chi^2 \\approx 11.61\\). Como 11,61 excede o valor cr\u00edtico de 3,84 (1 grau de liberdade, \\(\\alpha = 0.05\\)), a popula\u00e7\u00e3o desvia-se significativamente do equil\u00edbrio de Hardy-Weinberg \u2014 h\u00e1 um d\u00e9ficit de heterozigotos.<\/p>\n<p>\n\r\n<\/section>\n<h2>Como Usar a Calculadora<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Introduza o n\u00famero de indiv\u00edduos <strong>homozigotos dominantes<\/strong> (gen\u00f3tipo AA) no primeiro campo.<\/li>\n<li>Introduza o n\u00famero de indiv\u00edduos <strong>heterozigotos<\/strong> (gen\u00f3tipo Aa) no segundo campo.<\/li>\n<li>Introduza o n\u00famero de indiv\u00edduos <strong>homozigotos recessivos<\/strong> (gen\u00f3tipo aa) no terceiro campo.<\/li>\n<li>Leia os resultados: as frequ\u00eancias al\u00e9licas <strong>p<\/strong> e <strong>q<\/strong>, as contagens <strong>esperadas<\/strong> de cada gen\u00f3tipo e a estat\u00edstica <strong>qui-quadrado (\u03c7\u00b2)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Compare o valor do qui-quadrado com o valor cr\u00edtico indicado abaixo para julgar se a popula\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 em equil\u00edbrio.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>O Que \u00c9 o Equil\u00edbrio de Hardy-Weinberg?<\/h2>\n<p>O princ\u00edpio de Hardy-Weinberg afirma que as frequ\u00eancias al\u00e9licas e genot\u00edpicas de uma popula\u00e7\u00e3o permanecem constantes de gera\u00e7\u00e3o em gera\u00e7\u00e3o na aus\u00eancia de for\u00e7as evolutivas. Para um gene com dois alelos, A e a, com frequ\u00eancias \\(p\\) e \\(q\\) (onde \\(p + q = 1\\)), as frequ\u00eancias genot\u00edpicas ap\u00f3s uma gera\u00e7\u00e3o de acasalamento aleat\u00f3rio s\u00e3o \\(p^2\\) (AA), \\(2pq\\) (Aa) e \\(q^2\\) (aa). Essa rela\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00f3 se mant\u00e9m em condi\u00e7\u00f5es ideais: sem muta\u00e7\u00e3o, sem migra\u00e7\u00e3o, sem sele\u00e7\u00e3o natural, popula\u00e7\u00e3o infinitamente grande (sem deriva gen\u00e9tica) e acasalamento aleat\u00f3rio.<\/p>\n<p>Como as popula\u00e7\u00f5es reais raramente satisfazem todas essas condi\u00e7\u00f5es perfeitamente, o equil\u00edbrio de Hardy-Weinberg serve como modelo nulo. Se as contagens genot\u00edpicas observadas corresponderem \u00e0s propor\u00e7\u00f5es esperadas \\(p^2 : 2pq : q^2\\), n\u00e3o h\u00e1 evid\u00eancia de que for\u00e7as evolutivas estejam atuando nesse locus. Se n\u00e3o corresponderem, o desvio indica que uma ou mais suposi\u00e7\u00f5es foram violadas \u2014 sele\u00e7\u00e3o, acasalamento n\u00e3o aleat\u00f3rio (endogamia), deriva gen\u00e9tica, muta\u00e7\u00e3o, migra\u00e7\u00e3o ou erro de genotipagem.<\/p>\n<p>O teste de ader\u00eancia (goodness-of-fit) do qui-quadrado quantifica a discrep\u00e2ncia entre as contagens observadas e as esperadas. Como as frequ\u00eancias al\u00e9licas s\u00e3o estimadas a partir dos mesmos dados, o teste tem \\(3 - 1 - 1 = 1\\) grau de liberdade. No n\u00edvel de signific\u00e2ncia convencional de 0,05, o valor cr\u00edtico \u00e9 3,84: um \u03c7\u00b2 abaixo de 3,84 \u00e9 compat\u00edvel com o equil\u00edbrio, enquanto um valor maior sugere um desvio significativo. As frequ\u00eancias al\u00e9licas p e q, por si s\u00f3, continuam sendo estat\u00edsticas sum\u00e1rias \u00fateis mesmo quando a hip\u00f3tese de equil\u00edbrio \u00e9 rejeitada.<\/p>\n<p>Esta ferramenta \u00e9 amplamente utilizada em gen\u00e9tica de popula\u00e7\u00f5es, biologia evolutiva e exerc\u00edcios em sala de aula. Em contextos de aconselhamento gen\u00e9tico, as frequ\u00eancias al\u00e9licas tamb\u00e9m fundamentam a estimativa do risco de ser portador \u2014 veja a <a href=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/medicos\/heranca-do-tipo-sanguineo\/\">Calculadora de Heran\u00e7a do Tipo Sangu\u00edneo<\/a> para saber como as combina\u00e7\u00f5es genot\u00edpicas passam dos pais para os filhos.<\/p>\n<h2>Interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o do Resultado do Qui-Quadrado<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Graus de liberdade<\/th>\n<th>Valor cr\u00edtico de \u03c7\u00b2 (\u03b1 = 0,05)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>3,841<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>5,991<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Para este teste, use 1 grau de liberdade, j\u00e1 que uma frequ\u00eancia al\u00e9lica \u00e9 estimada a partir dos dados. Se o seu valor de \u03c7\u00b2 estiver abaixo de 3,841, aceite a hip\u00f3tese nula de equil\u00edbrio; se estiver acima, o desvio \u00e9 estatisticamente significativo ao n\u00edvel de 5%.<\/p>\n<h2>Suposi\u00e7\u00f5es e Limita\u00e7\u00f5es<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>A calculadora assume um \u00fanico locus autoss\u00f4mico com exatamente dois alelos e domin\u00e2ncia completa (AA e Aa s\u00e3o fenotipicamente distingu\u00edveis de aa, e os gen\u00f3tipos podem ser contados diretamente, por exemplo, por teste gen\u00e9tico).<\/li>\n<li>O equil\u00edbrio exige acasalamento aleat\u00f3rio, aus\u00eancia de sele\u00e7\u00e3o, de muta\u00e7\u00e3o e de migra\u00e7\u00e3o, e uma popula\u00e7\u00e3o grande. Um \u03c7\u00b2 significativo indica que pelo menos uma dessas suposi\u00e7\u00f5es falha \u2014 mas n\u00e3o diz qual.<\/li>\n<li>A aproxima\u00e7\u00e3o do qui-quadrado n\u00e3o \u00e9 confi\u00e1vel quando as contagens esperadas s\u00e3o pequenas (como regra pr\u00e1tica, qualquer \\(E &lt; 5\\)). Nesse caso, combine classes de gen\u00f3tipos ou colete uma amostra maior.<\/li>\n<li>Erros de genotipagem, vi\u00e9s de amostragem e subpopula\u00e7\u00f5es agrupadas (o efeito Wahlund) podem produzir d\u00e9ficits aparentes de heterozigotos que mimetizam o desequil\u00edbrio.<\/li>\n<li>O teste detecta desvio em um \u00fanico locus; conclus\u00f5es sobre uma popula\u00e7\u00e3o inteira exigem o exame de m\u00faltiplos loci.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduza as contagens observadas de indiv\u00edduos homozigotos dominantes, heterozigotos e homozigotos recessivos para calcular as frequ\u00eancias al\u00e9licas (p e q), as frequ\u00eancias genot\u00edpicas esperadas e uma estat\u00edstica qui-quadrado que testa se a popula\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 em equil\u00edbrio de Hardy-Weinberg.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3168,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[33],"class_list":["post-408","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-medicos","tag-diagnostico"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/408","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3168"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=408"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/408\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2308,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/408\/revisions\/2308"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=408"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=408"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=408"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}