{"id":3910,"date":"2026-10-14T06:44:51","date_gmt":"2026-10-14T05:44:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/tr\/muhendislik\/aktif-zemin-basinci\/"},"modified":"2026-10-14T06:44:51","modified_gmt":"2026-10-14T05:44:51","slug":"aktif-zemin-basinci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/tr\/muhendislik\/aktif-zemin-basinci\/","title":{"rendered":"Aktif zemin bas\u0131nc\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"not-prose calculator-box\" aria-labelledby=\"calculator-title\"><div class=\"flex items-baseline sm:items-center justify-between gap-2 sm:gap-3\"><div class=\"flex flex-col sm:flex-row sm:items-center gap-2\"><span class=\"icon icon-calculator text-primary-700! text-base! dark:text-primary-300!\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 id=\"calculator-title\" class=\"text-lg font-display font-bold\">\u0130stinat duvar\u0131na etkiyen Rankine aktif toprak bas\u0131nc\u0131<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"calcdash-favorite group\">\n  <button type=\"button\" class=\"favorite\" id=\"favorite\" data-favorite-id=\"3910\" data-favorite-title=\"Aktif zemin bas\u0131nc\u0131\" data-favorite-url=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/tr\/muhendislik\/aktif-zemin-basinci\/\" data-favorite-excerpt=\"\u0130stinat duvar\u0131na etki eden Rankine aktif zemin bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131, tutulan zemin y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, birim hacim a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hesaplay\u0131n. H, \u03b3 ve \u03c6 de\u011ferlerini girerek aktif bas\u0131n\u00e7 katsay\u0131s\u0131 Ka&#039;y\u0131 ve bile\u015fke yatay kuvvet Pa&#039;y\u0131 bulun.\" aria-label=\"Favorilere ekle\" data-favorite-icon=\"icon icon-civil\">\n    <span class=\"icon icon-shape-star-empty\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"calcdash-favorite__tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n   <span class=\"favorite-tooltip\" id=\"favorite-tooltip\"><\/span>\n  <\/div>\n  <span class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" id=\"favorite-status\"><\/span>\n<\/div><\/div><form action=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/tr\/muhendislik\/aktif-zemin-basinci\/\" method=\"POST\" class=\"calculator\" id=\"calculator-3910\" data-post=\"3910\"><fieldset class=\"fieldset-input is-2\"><legend class=\"sr-only\">Giri\u015f alanlar\u0131<\/legend><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-1\"><label for=\"field-1\">Tutulan toprak y\u00fcksekli\u011fi (H)<\/label><div class=\"term\">H<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><div class=\"field-group\"><input type=\"text\" name=\"tutulan_toprak_ykseklii_h\" id=\"field-1\" aria-describedby=\"calc-info-1\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" placeholder=\"3\" min=\"0.01\" value=\"3\"\/><div class=\"grid grid-cols-1\"><select id=\"field-2\" name=\"birim\" aria-label=\"Birim\"><option value=\"m\" selected>m<\/option><option value=\"ft\">ft<\/option><\/select><svg class=\"pointer-events-none col-start-1 row-start-1 mr-2 size-5 self-center justify-self-end text-gray-500 sm:size-4\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-slot=\"icon\">\n              <path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4.22 6.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 8.94l2.72-2.72a.75.75 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-3.25 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.22 7.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" \/>\n            <\/svg><\/div><\/div><small id=\"calc-info-1\">Duvar arkas\u0131nda tutulan topra\u011f\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fey y\u00fcksekli\u011fi<\/small><\/div><div class=\"field has-term\" id=\"input-2\"><label for=\"field-3\">Topra\u011f\u0131n birim hacim a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (\u03b3)<\/label><div class=\"term\">\u03b3<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><div class=\"field-group\"><input type=\"text\" name=\"topran_birim_hacim_arl_\" id=\"field-3\" aria-describedby=\"calc-info-3\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" placeholder=\"18\" min=\"0.1\" value=\"18\"\/><div class=\"grid grid-cols-1\"><select id=\"field-4\" name=\"birim\" aria-label=\"Birim\"><option value=\"kNm3\" selected>kN\/m\u00b3<\/option><option value=\"lbft3\">lb\/ft\u00b3<\/option><\/select><svg class=\"pointer-events-none col-start-1 row-start-1 mr-2 size-5 self-center justify-self-end text-gray-500 sm:size-4\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-slot=\"icon\">\n              <path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4.22 6.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 8.94l2.72-2.72a.75.75 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-3.25 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.22 7.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" \/>\n            <\/svg><\/div><\/div><small id=\"calc-info-3\">Dolgunun (nemli) birim hacim a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131; tipik kumlar i\u00e7in 15\u201320 kN\/m\u00b3, killi topraklar i\u00e7in 16\u201321 kN\/m\u00b3<\/small><\/div><div class=\"field is-single has-term\" id=\"input-3\"><label for=\"field-5\">\u0130\u00e7 s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 (\u03c6)<\/label><div class=\"term\">\u03c6<\/div>  <div class=\"absolute bottom-0 left-16 top-8 w-2 h-0.5 bg-blue-500\"><\/div><input type=\"text\" name=\"_srtnme_as_\" id=\"field-5\" aria-describedby=\"calc-unit-5 calc-info-5\" data-number inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" placeholder=\"30\" min=\"0\" max=\"89\" value=\"30\"\/><div class=\"unit\" id=\"calc-unit-5\">\u00b0<\/div><small id=\"calc-info-5\">Dolgunun etkin s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131; gev\u015fek kum 28\u201332\u00b0, s\u0131k\u0131 kum 35\u201342\u00b0, \u00e7ak\u0131l 35\u201345\u00b0<\/small><\/div><\/fieldset><div class=\"buttons\"><button type=\"submit\" data-text=\"Yeniden hesapla\" id=\"calculate-button\" data-post=\"3910\">Hesapla<\/button><button type=\"reset\">S\u0131f\u0131rla<\/button><\/div><div class=\"field is-checkbox hidden!\" id=\"field-auto-calc\"><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"auto-calc\"><label for=\"auto-calc\">Otomatik hesapla<\/label><small>Etkinle\u015ftirilirse, herhangi bir de\u011feri de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finizde sonu\u00e7 otomatik olarak g\u00fcncellenir.<\/small><\/div><div class=\"fieldset-result is-hidden\" aria-labelledby=\"result-title\" aria-live=\"polite\" role=\"region\"> <h3 class=\"result-title bg-gradient-to-r from-primary-50 to-gray-50 dark:from-primary-900 dark:to-gray-800\" id=\"result-title\"><span class=\"icon icon-s-pulse\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span> Aktif toprak bas\u0131nc\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/h3><div class=\"result-box\"><div class=\"field-result\" id=\"output-1\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>Aktif toprak bas\u0131nc\u0131 katsay\u0131s\u0131<\/span><span class=\"result-term\">K\u2090<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-1\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Sonucu kopyala\" aria-label=\"Sonucu kopyala\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"field-result\" id=\"output-2\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>Duvar birim uzunlu\u011fu ba\u015f\u0131na bile\u015fke yanal kuvvet<\/span><span class=\"result-term\">P\u2090<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-2\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Sonucu kopyala\" aria-label=\"Sonucu kopyala\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"field-result is-column\" id=\"output-3\"><span class=\"field-title\"><span>Form\u00fcl ve notlar<\/span><\/span><span class=\"field-value\" id=\"result-3\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-result\" data-tooltip=\"Sonucu kopyala\" aria-label=\"Sonucu kopyala\"><span class=\"copy-icon icon icon-document-copy\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"result-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-link\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M12.232 4.232a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3.536 3.536l-1.225 1.224a.75.75 0 0 0 1.061 1.06l1.224-1.224a4 4 0 0 0-5.656-5.656l-3 3a4 4 0 0 0 .225 5.865.75.75 0 0 0 .977-1.138 2.5 2.5 0 0 1-.142-3.667l3-3Z\"\/><path d=\"M11.603 7.963a.75.75 0 0 0-.977 1.138 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 .142 3.667l-3 3a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-3.536-3.536l1.225-1.224a.75.75 0 0 0-1.061-1.06l-1.224 1.224a4 4 0 1 0 5.656 5.656l3-3a4 4 0 0 0-.225-5.865Z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"copy-link__text\">Bu hesaplaman\u0131n ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kopyala<\/span><\/button><span class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" id=\"copy-link-status\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><a href=\"#respond\" class=\"hidden transition-opacity duration-300 opacity-0 w-50 text-sm justify-center items-center gap-2 px-4 py-2 rounded bg-gray-200 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-300\" id=\"leave-comment\"><span class=\"icon icon-comments\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Yorum b\u0131rak<\/a><\/form><\/section><section id=\"calc-reactions\" class=\"not-prose hidden my-12 bg-gradient-to-r from-primary-50 to-gray-50 border border-indigo-100 rounded-xl px-6 py-4 shadow-sm\" data-post=\"3910\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-labelledby=\"calc-reactions-title\"><p id=\"calc-reactions-title\" class=\"text-sm text-gray-500 text-center mb-2\">Bu sonu\u00e7 hakk\u0131nda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsunuz?<\/p><div role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"calc-reactions-title\" class=\"grid grid-cols-3 sm:flex sm:flex-row sm:justify-around gap-4 sm:items-center sm:flex-wrap\"><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"like\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"like\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\ude00 <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Be\u011fendim <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"helpful\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"helpful\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\udca1 <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Faydal\u0131 <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"confused\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"confused\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\ude15 <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Kafam kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131 <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"disappointed\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"disappointed\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\ude1e <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 <\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" class=\"reaction-btn flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:text-primary-600 cursor-pointer transition-transform hover:scale-105\" data-reaction=\"inaccurate\"><span class=\"reaction-count\" data-reaction-count=\"inaccurate\">0<\/span><span class=\"reaction text-3xl\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u274c <\/span><span class=\"reaction-description font-medium\">Hatal\u0131 <\/span><\/button><\/div><div id=\"reaction-message\" class=\"hidden mt-8 rounded-md border border-primary-100 bg-white\/50 backdrop-blur-sm px-4 py-2 text-sm text-center shadow-sm\"><\/div><\/section><div class=\"calcdash-ad not-prose calcdash-ad--calc_result calcdash-ad--in-article\"><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-1721569815777345\" data-ad-slot=\"6317458308\" data-ad-layout=\"in-article\" data-ad-format=\"fluid\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/div>\n<style id=\"wpcoderpro-inline-1\">.formula-box {\r\n\tborder-bottom: none !important;\r\n}<\/style><section class=\"formula-box\" aria-labelledby=\"formula-title\">\r\n\t<div id=\"formula-title\" class=\"not-prose font-display mb-4\"><span class=\"icon icon-formula\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2>Aktif zemin bas\u0131nc\u0131 form\u00fcl\u00fc<\/h2><\/div>\r\n\t<figure class=\"not-prose formula\">\r\n\t\t<figcaption class=\"formula-title\">Form\u00fcl<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<div class=\"text-base text-gray-800\" id=\"formula\">\n\\[ K_a = \\frac{1 - \\sin\\varphi}{1 + \\sin\\varphi} = \\tan^2\\!\\left(45^\\circ - \\frac{\\varphi}{2}\\right) \\\\\n\\[ p_z = \\gamma \\, z \\, K_a \\\\\n\\[ P_a = \\tfrac{1}{2}\\,\\gamma\\,H^2\\,K_a \\]<\/div>\r\n\t<\/figure>\r\n\t<\/p>\n<p><strong>Burada:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\\(K_a\\) \u2014 aktif zemin bas\u0131nc\u0131 katsay\u0131s\u0131 (boyutsuz)<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\varphi\\) \u2014 dolgu zeminin i\u00e7 (efektif) s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\gamma\\) \u2014 dolgu zeminin birim hacim a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li>\n<li>\\(H\\) \u2014 duvar arkas\u0131ndaki tutulan zeminin d\u00fc\u015fey y\u00fcksekli\u011fi<\/li>\n<li>\\(p_z\\) \u2014 zemin y\u00fczeyinden \\(z\\) derinlikteki yatay bas\u0131n\u00e7<\/li>\n<li>\\(P_a\\) \u2014 duvar\u0131n birim uzunlu\u011fu ba\u015f\u0131na bile\u015fke yatay kuvvet<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bunlar, yatay zemin y\u00fczeyli kohesyonsuz bir zemini tutan d\u00fc\u015fey ve s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmesiz duvar i\u00e7in klasik Rankine (1857) ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Yatay bas\u0131n\u00e7 derinlikle do\u011frusal olarak artt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bas\u0131n\u00e7 diyagram\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7gen bi\u00e7imindedir ve bile\u015fke kuvvet \\(P_a\\), duvar taban\u0131ndan \\(H\/3\\) y\u00fckseklikte etki eder.<\/p>\n<p>\r\n<\/section>\n<style id=\"wpcoderpro-inline-2\">.calculation-box {\r\n\tborder-bottom: none !important;\r\n}<\/style><section id=\"calculation\" class=\"calculation-box\" aria-labelledby=\"calculation-title\">\r\n\t<div id=\"calculation-title\" class=\"not-prose font-display\"><span class=\"icon icon-unordered-list\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2>Aktif zemin bas\u0131nc\u0131 \u2013 hesaplama \u00f6rne\u011fi<\/h2><\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00d6rnek:<\/strong> bir istinat duvar\u0131, birim hacim a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 18 kN\/m\u00b3 ve s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 30\u00b0 olan gran\u00fcler dolgudan 3 m y\u00fcksekli\u011finde bir k\u0131sm\u0131 tutmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\\[ K_a = \\frac{1 - \\sin 30^\\circ}{1 + \\sin 30^\\circ} = \\frac{1 - 0.5}{1 + 0.5} = 0.3333 \\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[ P_a = \\tfrac{1}{2} \\times 18 \\times 3^2 \\times 0.3333 = 27 \\ \\text{kN\/m} \\]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> aktif zemin bas\u0131nc\u0131 katsay\u0131s\u0131 \\(K_a = 0.333\\), bile\u015fke yatay kuvvet ise duvar\u0131n her metre boyu ba\u015f\u0131na 27 kN olup tabandan \\(H\/3 = 1\\) m y\u00fckseklikte etki eder. Duvar taban\u0131ndaki bas\u0131n\u00e7 \\(\\gamma H K_a = 18 \\times 3 \\times 0.3333 = 18\\) kPa'd\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\n\r\n<\/section>\n<h2>Hesap makinesi nas\u0131l kullan\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Tutulan zemin y\u00fcksekli\u011fini (H)<\/strong> \u2014 duvar arkas\u0131ndaki zeminin d\u00fc\u015fey y\u00fcksekli\u011fini \u2014 girin ve birimini (m veya ft) se\u00e7in.<\/li>\n<li>Dolgunun <strong>zemin birim hacim a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (\u03b3)<\/strong> girin ve kN\/m\u00b3 veya lb\/ft\u00b3 se\u00e7ene\u011fini i\u015faretleyin. Tipik kumlar 15\u201320 kN\/m\u00b3, killer 16\u201321 kN\/m\u00b3 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130\u00e7sel s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 (\u03c6)<\/strong> derece cinsinden girin. Gev\u015fek kum yakla\u015f\u0131k 28\u201332\u00b0, s\u0131k\u0131 kum 35\u201342\u00b0, \u00e7ak\u0131l 35\u201345\u00b0 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aktif zemin bas\u0131nc\u0131 katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> (Ka) ve <strong>duvar\u0131n birim uzunlu\u011fu ba\u015f\u0131na bile\u015fke yatay kuvveti<\/strong> (Pa), etki noktas\u0131 ve taban bas\u0131nc\u0131yla birlikte okuyun.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Aktif zemin bas\u0131nc\u0131 nedir?<\/h2>\n<p>Aktif zemin bas\u0131nc\u0131, bir istinat yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n zeminden hafif\u00e7e uzakla\u015farak hareket etmesi ya da d\u00f6nmesi durumunda zemin k\u00fctlesinin yap\u0131ya uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yatay itkidir; bu hareket zemine genle\u015fme ve kayma dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 devreye sokma olana\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131r. D\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru olan bu hareket \u2014 genellikle duvar y\u00fcksekli\u011finin ancak birka\u00e7 milimetresi ile birka\u00e7 y\u00fczde biri kadard\u0131r \u2014 duvar arkas\u0131ndaki zemin kam\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rdaki, yani \"aktif\" g\u00f6\u00e7me durumuna ula\u015ft\u0131rmaya yeter. \"Aktif\" s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, zeminin duvara etkin bi\u00e7imde bast\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret eder; aktif,statik (durgun) ve pasif olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 klasik yatay bas\u0131n\u00e7 durumunun en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fc budur.<\/p>\n<p>Rankine kuram\u0131, aktif bas\u0131n\u00e7 katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131zca zeminin s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan t\u00fcretir; duvar y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015fey ve s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmesiz, dolgu y\u00fczeyinin ise yatay oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131l\u0131r. Bu ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda zemin, yatayla \\(45^\\circ + \\varphi\/2\\) a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 yapan bir d\u00fczlem boyunca g\u00f6\u00e7er ve her derinlikte yatay gerilmenin d\u00fc\u015fey gerilmeye oran\u0131 \\(K_a\\) olur. S\u00fcrt\u00fcnme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fck\u00e7e \\(K_a\\) b\u00fcy\u00fcr: \\(\\varphi = 30^\\circ\\) i\u00e7in \\(K_a \\approx 0.33\\); \\(\\varphi = 40^\\circ\\) i\u00e7in ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 0.22'ye d\u00fc\u015fer. Bu y\u00fczden duvar arkas\u0131nda iyi derecelenmi\u015f, serbest\u00e7e drenaj yapan gran\u00fcler dolgu kesinlikle tercih edilir.<\/p>\n<p>\\(P_a\\) sonucu, \u00fc\u00e7gen bas\u0131n\u00e7 diyagram\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckseklik boyunca integrali al\u0131narak elde edilen, duvar\u0131n birim boyu ba\u015f\u0131na bir kuvvettir (kN\/m). Yatay do\u011frultuda, tabandan duvar y\u00fcksekli\u011finin \u00fc\u00e7te biri kadar yukar\u0131da \u2014 \u00fc\u00e7genin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezinde \u2014 etki eder. Denklik denetimlerinde bu kuvvet kaymay\u0131 ve devrilmeyi tetikledi\u011finden, duvar\u0131n, temel taban bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n ve donat\u0131n\u0131n boyutland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in temel girdidir. Duvar g\u00f6vdesinin e\u011filme eleman\u0131 olarak yap\u0131sal tasar\u0131mda \u00fc\u00e7gen bas\u0131n\u00e7 da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, konsola etki eden do\u011frusal de\u011fi\u015fken bir y\u00fck gibi ele al\u0131nabilir; genel e\u011filme ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/engineering\/simply-supported-beam-with-uniform-load\/\">tekd\u00fczey y\u00fckl\u00fc kiri\u015f hesap makinesine<\/a> bak\u0131n.<\/p>\n<h2>Varsay\u0131mlar, s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar ve pratik \u00f6neriler<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Yaln\u0131zca gran\u00fcler dolgu.<\/strong> Rankine'in \\(K_a\\) de\u011feri kohesyonsuz zemin (\\(c = 0\\)) varsayar. Kohesif zeminlerde g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr kohezyon aktif bas\u0131nc\u0131 ge\u00e7ici olarak azalt\u0131r, ancak uzun vadede g\u00fcvenilir olmayabilir \u2014 killer i\u00e7in toplam gerilme analizi veya daha ileri y\u00f6ntemler kullan\u0131n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00fc\u015fey, s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmesiz duvar ve yatay dolgu.<\/strong> Duvar s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmesi, e\u011fik duvar y\u00fcz\u00fc veya e\u011fimli zemin y\u00fczeyi \\(K_a\\) de\u011ferini de\u011fi\u015ftirir; bu durumda Coulomb kuram\u0131 veya Rankine katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fimli dolgu bi\u00e7imi kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Su ve ek y\u00fck yok.<\/strong> Duvar arkas\u0131ndaki hidrostatik bas\u0131n\u00e7 (\u00f6rne\u011fin t\u0131kanm\u0131\u015f bir drenajdan) \\(\\tfrac{1}{2}\\gamma_w H^2\\) kadar kuvvet ekler ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman tasar\u0131m\u0131 y\u00f6netir \u2014 mutlaka drenaj sa\u011flay\u0131n. D\u00fczg\u00fcn yay\u0131l\u0131 \\(q\\) ek y\u00fck\u00fc ise her derinlikte bas\u0131nca \\(K_a\\, q\\) kadar katk\u0131 katar.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Duvar hareket edebilmelidir.<\/strong> Aktif bas\u0131n\u00e7 yaln\u0131zca duvar bir miktar d\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru yer de\u011fi\u015ftirebiliyorsa olu\u015fur. Hareket edemeyen rijit, payandal\u0131 veya bodrum duvarlar\u0131, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olan statik (durgun) bas\u0131n\u00e7 i\u00e7in tasarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Taban\u0131 denetleyin.<\/strong> Devrilme ve kayma denetimleri i\u00e7in gereken de\u011ferler \\(\\gamma H K_a\\) taban bas\u0131nc\u0131 ile \\(H\/3\\) etki noktas\u0131d\u0131r; temel boyutlar\u0131 ise <a href=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/engineering\/footing-bearing-pressure\/\">taban alt\u0131ndaki gerilme bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131<\/a> belirler.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sismik etki.<\/strong> Deprem y\u00fckleri alt\u0131nda yatay talep artar; Mononobe\u2013Okabe y\u00f6ntemi, bu katsay\u0131s\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 yar\u0131-statik ko\u015fullara geni\u015fletir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Duvar geometrisi belirlendikten sonra donat\u0131 detayland\u0131rmas\u0131 gelir: e\u011filme momentinden gerekli \u00e7elik alan\u0131n\u0131 kestirin ve donat\u0131 yerle\u015fimini <a href=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/engineering\/rebar-spacing-and-count\/\">donat\u0131 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve adet hesap makinesiyle<\/a> ile <a href=\"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/en\/engineering\/rebar-weight\/\">donat\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesap makinesiyle<\/a> denetleyin.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130stinat duvar\u0131na etki eden Rankine aktif zemin bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131, tutulan zemin y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, birim hacim a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hesaplay\u0131n. H, \u03b3 ve \u03c6 de\u011ferlerini girerek aktif bas\u0131n\u00e7 katsay\u0131s\u0131 Ka'y\u0131 ve bile\u015fke yatay kuvvet Pa'y\u0131 bulun.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3168,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[29],"class_list":["post-3910","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-muhendislik","tag-insaat-muhendisligi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3910","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3168"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3910"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3910\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3910"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3910"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpcalc.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3910"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}