G-Force
Enter an acceleration in m/s², ft/s², g, or km/h per second, and this calculator converts it into g-force — the load expressed as a multiple of gravitational acceleration.
Physics Calculators: Motion, Forces and Energy
Use these physics calculators to solve problems involving motion, forces, energy, waves, fluids and more. Find values such as acceleration, pressure or work, or explore specific problems with the Projectile Motion, Torque, Free Fall and Kinetic Energy calculators.Students can check homework, teachers can prepare examples, and engineers can make quick estimates. Tools such as the Doppler Effect, Bernoulli's Equation, Coulomb's Law and Lens Equation calculators help with topics beyond basic mechanics. Choose a calculator below to enter your known values and find the quantity you need.
Mechanics 30
Average Speed
Calculate average speed from the total distance and total time of a trip, or enter multiple segments with distances and times. Results are shown in m/s, km/h and mph, with average velocity when segments are given.
Terminal Velocity
Calculate the terminal velocity of a falling object from its mass, drag coefficient, air density, cross-sectional area and gravity. Enter the values and get the maximum falling speed in m/s, km/h, mph and more.
Ballistic Pendulum
Calculate the speed of a projectile from a ballistic pendulum experiment. Enter the projectile and pendulum masses plus the swing height or the swing angle and pendulum length.
Force
Calculate force from mass and acceleration using Newton's Second Law (F = m × a). Enter the mass in kg and acceleration in m/s² to get the force in newtons instantly.
Tension in Ropes
Calculate the tension in a single rope or two ropes at equal angles supporting a mass. Enter mass, acceleration, and angle to get the tension in Newtons.
Stress & Strain
Calculate engineering stress, strain and elongation from the applied force, cross-sectional area and lengths of a member. Enter force, area, original and deformed length to get stress in MPa/psi, strain and ΔL.
Lift Force
Calculate aerodynamic lift force from fluid density, flow speed, lift coefficient, and wing area. Enter your values, pick units, and get lift in newtons, lbf, and kgf instantly.
Acceleration
Calculate acceleration from Newton's second law: enter the force applied in newtons and the object's mass in kilograms, and the calculator returns acceleration in m/s².
Projectile Motion
Calculate the time of flight, maximum height, horizontal range and impact speed of a projectile from its initial velocity, launch angle, initial height and gravity. Supports m/s, km/h, ft/s, mph and different gravities.
Stopping Distance
Calculate the total stopping distance of a car from its speed, driver reaction time, road grip and gradient. Enter your values to see the reaction distance, braking distance, and total distance in metres and feet.
Inelastic Collision
Calculate the final velocity and kinetic energy lost in a perfectly inelastic collision in one dimension. Enter the masses and initial velocities of both objects to find the velocity of the combined mass after impact and the energy dissipated.
Solenoid Magnetic Field
Calculate the magnetic flux density (in mT, T, or Gauss) inside a solenoid from the current, number of turns, length, and core permeability using B = μ₀μᵣNI/L.
Inclined Plane
Calculate the acceleration of an object sliding down an inclined plane from the incline angle and coefficient of friction — or solve for the angle or friction coefficient when acceleration is known.
Point Charge Electric Field
Calculate the electric field magnitude created by a point charge at any distance. Enter the charge Q, the distance r, and the medium's relative permittivity to get the result in N/C and V/m.
Final Velocity
Calculate final velocity, initial velocity, acceleration or time using the kinematic equation v = u + at. Enter any three values and the calculator solves the fourth, with m/s, km/h, s and min units supported.
Young's Modulus
Calculate Young's modulus of elasticity from stress and strain, or from force, cross-sectional area and length change. Results in GPa, MPa, Pa and psi.
Drag Force
Calculate the drag force acting on an object moving through air or water. Enter the fluid density, relative speed, drag coefficient and frontal area to get the resisting force and the power needed to overcome it.
Linear Thermal Expansion
Calculate how much a material expands or contracts when its temperature changes. Enter the initial length, expansion coefficient and temperature change to get ΔL and the final length.
Straight Wire Magnetic Field
Calculate the magnetic flux density around a long straight current-carrying wire using Ampère's law. Enter the current, distance from the wire, and optional relative permeability to get the result in µT, mT, T or gauss.
Mass
Calculate the mass of an object from force and acceleration using Newton's Second Law. Enter force in newtons and acceleration in m/s² to get mass in kilograms instantly.
Displacement
Calculate displacement, initial velocity, acceleration, or time using the kinematic equation s = ut + ½at². Select what you want to find, enter the known values, and get an instant answer.
Friction Force
Calculate friction force from the coefficient of friction and normal force, or solve for μ or N instead. Enter two known values and get instant results for any contact-surface problem.
Simple Pendulum
Calculate the period of a simple pendulum from its length and gravity, or find the length needed for a given period. Enter the known value and get period, frequency and swings per minute.
Coulomb's Law
Calculate the electrostatic force between two point charges using Coulomb's law. Enter the two charges (nC, μC, mC, C or e), the distance between them, and get the force in newtons plus its direction.
Magnetic Force on a Charge
Calculate the magnetic (Lorentz) force on a charged particle moving in a magnetic field. Enter the charge, speed, flux density and the angle between velocity and field to get the force in newtons.
Impulse Calculator
Calculate impulse (J = F·Δt), force, or time interval from the other two values. Enter force in N or kN and time in s or ms — useful for momentum and collision problems in physics and engineering.
Kinematic Equations
Solve any missing variable in uniformly accelerated motion. Enter the known values, pick the variable to solve for — initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration, time, or displacement — and get an instant answer using the SUVAT equations.
Hooke's Law
Calculate spring force, spring constant, or displacement using Hooke's law (F = k·x). Enter the two known quantities, pick your units, and get the third value instantly.
Elastic Collision (1D)
Calculate the final velocities of two objects after a one-dimensional elastic collision. Enter the masses and initial velocities of both objects, and the calculator applies conservation of momentum and kinetic energy.
Energy & Work 18
Newton's Law of Cooling
Estimate how quickly an object cools down or warms up to the ambient temperature. Enter the initial and ambient temperatures, the cooling constant k, and the elapsed time to get the object's temperature, plus the time needed to reach any target temperature.
Adiabatic Process
Calculate the final pressure, volume and temperature of an ideal gas after a reversible adiabatic (isentropic) compression or expansion. Enter the initial state, one final quantity and the heat-capacity ratio γ.
Work
Calculate the work done by a constant force acting over a distance. Enter the force in newtons and the distance in meters, and the result is given instantly in joules.
Parallel Plate Capacitor
Calculate the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor from plate area, separation and dielectric constant. Enter the overlap area, gap distance and relative permittivity to get C in farads, µF, nF and pF.
Stefan–Boltzmann Law
Calculate the thermal radiation emitted by any surface using the Stefan–Boltzmann law. Enter surface temperature, emissivity, and area to get radiated power, plus net heat transfer with the surroundings.
Mechanical Efficiency
Enter the work, energy or power you put into a machine and what you get out of it, and this calculator returns the mechanical efficiency as a percentage plus the energy that is lost.
Elastic Potential Energy Calculator
Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in a spring from its spring constant and displacement, or solve for k or x when the energy is known. Supports N/m, N/cm, m, cm and mm units.
Power
Calculate power, work, or time from the relationship P = W/t. Enter the two known values with units (J or kJ for work; s, min or h for time) and get the third quantity instantly.
Kinetic Energy
Calculate the kinetic energy of a moving object from its mass and velocity using the formula KE = ½mv². Enter the values in kg and m/s to get the result in joules instantly.
Total Work
Calculate the total (net) work done on an object from its mass and change in velocity using the Work-Energy Theorem. Enter mass, initial velocity, and final velocity to get the result in joules.
Magnetic Flux Through a Loop
Calculate the magnetic flux through a loop from field strength (B), loop area (A) and the angle to the surface normal. Enter values in any unit and get flux in webers, millawebers and microwebers.
Power
Calculate momentum, mass, or velocity with p = mv. Enter any two of the three values, choose your units, and get an instant result in kg·m/s.
Point Charge Electric Potential
Calculate the electric potential V at any distance from a point charge. Enter the source charge Q, the distance r, and the medium's relative permittivity to get the result in volts and kilovolts.
Conservation of Energy
This calculator applies the conservation of mechanical energy to compare two states of a moving object. Enter the mass, height and velocity at state 1 and the height at state 2 to find the velocity at state 2 and verify that total energy is conserved.
Convection Heat Transfer
Calculate the convective heat-transfer rate q = h · A · ΔT between a surface and a moving fluid. Enter the heat-transfer coefficient, surface area and temperature difference to get results in watts, kW, BTU/h and more.
Faraday's Law
Calculate the induced EMF (voltage) from a changing magnetic flux using Faraday's law. Enter the number of coil turns, the flux change ΔΦ, and the time interval Δt.
Carnot Efficiency
Enter the hot-reservoir and cold-reservoir temperatures to find the maximum theoretical (Carnot) efficiency of a heat engine, plus the temperature ratio and COP values for a refrigerator or heat pump.
Potential Energy
Calculate gravitational potential energy from mass, height, and gravitational acceleration. Enter the values in kg, m, and m/s² to get the result in joules instantly.
Waves & Optics 13
Mach Number
Enter an object's speed and the local speed of sound to get its Mach number, speed unit conversions, Mach cone angle, and the flow regime (subsonic, transonic, supersonic, hypersonic).
Speed of Sound in Air
Enter air temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure to instantly find how fast sound travels in air. Results are given in m/s, km/h, ft/s, mph and knots, with the humidity effect and reference values.
Wave Speed
Calculate wave speed, wavelength or frequency from the other two values using the wave equation v = f·λ. Enter any two quantities, pick your units, and the missing one is solved instantly.
Beat Frequency
Enter the frequencies of two nearby tones in Hz, kHz, MHz or rpm to find the beat frequency, beat period, perceived pitch and interval in cents. Great for tuning instruments by ear.
Double-Slit Interference
Calculate the fringe spacing and the position of bright fringes in Young's double-slit experiment. Enter the wavelength, slit separation, screen distance and fringe order.
Malus's Law
Calculate how much linearly polarized light passes through a polarizer using Malus's law. Enter the incident intensity and the angle between the polarization direction and the analyzer axis.
Snell's Law
Enter the angle of incidence and the refractive indices of the two media to find the angle of refraction from Snell's law. The calculator also reports the critical angle and warns you when total internal reflection occurs.
Sound Intensity Level
Convert sound intensity in W/m² to a decibel (dB) level using the standard hearing threshold reference of 10⁻¹² W/m². Optionally compare two sounds to see their level difference.
Diffraction Grating
Calculate the diffraction angle of a spectral line from its wavelength, grating line density and diffraction order. Enter the values and the calculator solves the grating equation and lists all observable orders.
Lens Equation
Solve the thin lens equation 1/f = 1/do + 1/di for image distance, object distance or focal length. Enter any two known values and get the third, plus image type, magnification and image height.
Magnification
Enter the object and image heights, or their distances from a lens or mirror, to get the linear magnification, the image size, and whether the image is upright or inverted.
Wien's Displacement Law
Enter a blackbody's temperature to find the wavelength where it emits the most radiation (or enter a peak wavelength to find the temperature). Results include unit conversions, the spectral band, and the peak frequency.
Doppler Effect
Calculate the frequency you hear when a sound source or observer is moving. Enter the source frequency, both speeds and the wave speed to get the observed pitch for approaching and receding motion.
Gravity & Space 8
Schwarzschild Radius
Enter any mass in kg, tonnes, Earth masses or Solar masses to find its Schwarzschild radius — the event-horizon size the object would have as a black hole, with interpretation of the result.
Weight on Planets
Enter your mass or Earth weight and instantly see what you would weigh on the Moon, Mars, Jupiter, the Sun, Pluto and every other planet in the Solar System.
Free Fall
Calculate free fall time, impact velocity, and distance fallen from height, time, or final speed. Enter any one known quantity, initial velocity, and gravity to get instant results.
Orbital Velocity
Calculate the speed needed for a circular orbit around Earth, the Moon, Mars, Jupiter, the Sun, or a custom body. Enter an altitude or orbital radius and get the orbital velocity, period, and orbit length.
Gravitational Force
Calculate the gravitational attraction force between two masses using Newton's law of universal gravitation. Enter the two masses, the distance between their centres, and get the force in newtons, pound-force and more.
Rocket Equation
Calculate the ideal delta-v of a rocket from the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation. Enter the exhaust velocity (or specific impulse), the initial wet mass and the final dry mass.
Escape Velocity
Calculate the escape velocity of Earth, the Moon, Mars, the Sun or any custom body from its mass and radius, using vₑ = √(2GM/R). Results in km/s, m/s, mph and more, plus surface gravity.
Hohmann Transfer
Compute the two burns, total delta-v and transfer time of a Hohmann transfer between two coplanar circular orbits. Enter the gravitational parameter and the two orbit radii.
Fluids 8
Hydrostatic Pressure
Calculate the hydrostatic pressure at any depth in water or another fluid. Enter depth, fluid density and gravity to get gauge and absolute pressure in kPa, bar, psi, atm and mmHg.
Specific Gravity
Enter a density (or mass and volume) and instantly get specific gravity relative to water, seawater, air or a custom reference, plus the density converted into common units.
Froude Number
Enter the flow speed, flow depth and gravity to compute the Froude number and find out whether your open-channel flow is subcritical, critical or supercritical, with critical-speed details.
Laplace Pressure
Calculate the Laplace pressure (excess pressure) inside a droplet, soap bubble, or cylindrical liquid surface. Enter the surface tension and radius of curvature to get the pressure difference in Pa, kPa, psi, mmHg and more.
Density
Calculate density from mass and volume, or solve for mass or volume when density is known. Supports kg, g, lb, L, m³, gal and more, with instant unit conversion.
Pressure
Calculate pressure from force and area (or solve for force or area) using P = F / A. Enter any two known values, pick your units, and get the result in Pa, kPa, bar, psi and more.
Buoyant Force
Calculate the buoyant force on an object from fluid density, displaced volume, and gravity, following Archimedes' principle. Optionally enter the object's weight to get its apparent weight and see whether it floats or sinks.
Bernoulli's Equation
Solve Bernoulli's equation for the missing pressure, velocity or elevation at a second point along a streamline. Enter the full conditions at point 1, leave one point-2 field blank, and the calculator finds the unknown.
Rotational Motion 8
Torque
Calculate torque, force, or lever arm length using τ = r · F · sin(θ). Enter any two quantities plus the angle, and get the result in N·m, lb·ft, or kgf·m.
Rotational Kinetic Energy
Calculate the rotational kinetic energy of a spinning object or flywheel from its moment of inertia and angular velocity, or from the mass and radius of a solid disk. Optionally add translational kinetic energy for rolling objects.
Moment of Inertia
Calculate the mass moment of inertia for rods, disks, hoops, spheres, plates and point masses. Pick a shape and axis, enter mass and dimensions, and get I in kg·m² plus the radius of gyration.
Banked Curve
Calculate the ideal speed for a banked curve from its radius and banking angle, plus the maximum and minimum safe speeds when tyre friction is included. Enter radius, angle and friction coefficient to get results in km/h, mph and m/s.
Angular Acceleration
Calculate angular acceleration (α) from the change in angular velocity over time, or from torque and moment of inertia. Enter your values in any unit and get the result in rad/s², rpm/s and more.
Centripetal Force
Calculate centripetal force, mass, velocity, or radius for an object in circular motion. Enter the known values, choose the variable to solve for, and get an instant result in SI units.
Angular Momentum
Calculate angular momentum L from moment of inertia and angular velocity, or from point-mass data (mass, velocity, radius). Enter your values in any unit and get L in kg·m²/s (J·s).
Angular Velocity
Compute angular velocity from angular displacement and time or from linear speed and radius. Enter your values and get results in rad/s, rpm, degrees per second, period and frequency.
Simple Machines 5
Atwood Machine
Calculate the acceleration and rope tension in an Atwood machine. Enter the two masses (kg or g) and gravitational acceleration to instantly solve this classic two-mass pulley system.
Lever Advantage
Calculate the mechanical advantage of a lever and the effort force needed to lift a load. Enter the effort arm, load arm, and optionally the load weight and the force you can apply.
Pulley Advantage
Enter the number of rope segments supporting your load to find the mechanical advantage of a pulley system. Optionally add the load weight, efficiency and lift height to get the required effort force and rope pull distance.
Gear Ratio
Calculate the gear ratio from the number of teeth, gear diameters, or measured speeds, and get the output speed, output torque, and power of a gear pair in one step.
Screw Advantage
Calculate the ideal mechanical advantage of a screw from its thread lead and handle radius. Enter the lever radius, thread pitch, and an optional applied force to see the axial force the screw can exert.
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