Wire Gauge
Enter a wire's diameter in millimeters and get the corresponding American Wire Gauge (AWG) size, computed with a logarithmic approximation of the AWG scale. Includes a worked example and a standard AWG reference table.
Engineering Calculators: Electrical, Civil and Mechanical
Use these engineering calculators to solve electrical, mechanical, civil, and ventilation problems. Circuit designers can estimate trace impedance with the Microstrip PCB Impedance calculator, select an LED Series Resistor, or work out Real and Reactive Power. Mechanical engineers and students can explore spring behavior with the Spring Resonant Frequency calculator and assess loading with the Cantilever Beam Stiffness calculator.For construction planning, calculate material quantities with Concrete Volume, Concrete Mix Ratio, and Number of Paving Stones. Ventilation Airflow Requirement and Pipeline Flow Rate help engineers and installers plan building services and piping systems.
Electrical 21
Watts to Amps
Convert watts to amps or amps to watts for DC, single-phase AC and three-phase AC circuits. Enter power, voltage and power factor to get current, apparent power and suggested breaker size.
R1 R2
Calculate R1 + R2 (line and earth conductor resistance) from the total earth fault loop impedance and the source impedance. Enter both values in ohms to verify circuit earth continuity.
mA/h Power Consumption
Estimate a device's power consumption in milliamp-hours (mAh) from its current draw in mA and operating time in hours. Optionally enter the voltage to also get the estimated energy, useful for battery life and power budgeting.
Horsepower to Watts Converter
Convert between horsepower (HP) and watts (W) in either direction. Supports electrical, mechanical and metric horsepower — just enter a value, pick the horsepower type and units, and get the result instantly.
Circuit Breaker Size
Find the correct circuit breaker size for any load. Enter the load power (or current), voltage, phase and power factor, and the calculator applies the 125% continuous-load rule and rounds up to the nearest standard NEC breaker rating.
KVA to Amps
Convert apparent power in kilovolt-amperes (kVA) to current in amperes (A). Enter the power and voltage, and the calculator returns both single-phase and three-phase current.
Parallel Resistance
Calculate the equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in parallel. Enter resistance values separated by commas (in ohms) and get the total resistance instantly.
Real and Reactive Power
Calculate real power (W), reactive power (VAR), and apparent power (VA) in an AC circuit from RMS voltage, current, and the phase angle between them. Works for single-phase loads.
Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
Convert frequency-domain components X[k] back into a time-domain sequence x[n] with this free Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) calculator. Enter comma-separated real or complex values and get the result instantly.
Short-Circuit Current
Estimate the prospective short-circuit (fault) current at a point in an electrical system. Enter the supply voltage, the total impedance up to the fault point, and choose three-phase or single-phase.
Voltage Drop
Calculate the voltage drop along a copper, aluminum, or silver cable. Enter current, supply voltage, length, and cross-section to get the drop in volts, percent, and the voltage at the load.
Specific Work of Gas Turbine
Calculate the net specific work of a gas turbine (Brayton cycle) from the four cycle temperatures and the specific heat. Enter T1, T2, T3, T4 and cp to get turbine work, compressor work and net work in kJ/kg.
Quality Factor in Optical Systems
Calculate the quality factor (Q) of an optical resonator from its central wavelength and spectral linewidth (FWHM). Enter both values in nanometers to get Q instantly.
Power Factor Correction
Calculate the capacitor bank size (kvar and µF) needed to raise your power factor from its current value to a target value. Enter real power, existing and target power factor, voltage, frequency and phase configuration.
Speaker Sound Q
Calculate the sound quality factor (Q) of a speaker from its resonant frequency and the two -3 dB frequencies. Enter f0, f1 and f2 in Hz to get the Q factor that describes bandwidth and resonance sharpness.
Three-Phase Power by Two Wattmeters
Calculate the total active power in a three-phase three-wire system using the two-wattmeter method. Enter the two line voltages (V12, V13), line currents (I2, I3) and the phase displacement angle to get the result in watts.
Solar Panel Size
Calculate how many solar panels you need from your daily energy demand, peak sun hours, system efficiency and panel wattage. Enter your kWh per day and get the required array size and panel count.
Conduit Fill
Check NEC conduit fill for up to six groups of insulated wires. Select the conduit type and trade size, then enter each wire group’s insulation, size, and quantity.
90 Degree Mitered Corner
Calculate the effective electrical length of a 90-degree mitered corner in a PCB transmission line from the conductor width and height. Enter the trace dimensions in mm to get the extra length added by the chamfered bend.
Specific Work
Calculate the specific work of expansion or compression from the initial and final pressure and the fluid density. Enter pressures in kPa and density in kg/m³ to get results in kJ/kg.
Civil 17
Elevation Point of Vertical Curve
Find the elevation at any point along a parabolic vertical curve. Enter the distance from the PVC, the initial and final grades, the curve length, and the PVC elevation to get the exact elevation y in feet.
Wind Load
Estimate the dynamic wind pressure and total wind force on any exposed surface, such as a wall, sign, panel or structure. Enter the wind speed, air density, exposed area and shape coefficient to get pressure in Pa and force in N and lbf.
Earthwork Cross Section Volume
Estimate earthwork volume between two cross sections using the average end area method. Enter the two cross-sectional areas and the distance between them to get the cut or fill volume.
Rafter Length
Calculate rafter length from roof pitch (e.g., 6/12) or roof angle, with optional overhang. Enter span, overhang, and pitch or angle to get the exact rafter length in feet for cutting and framing.
Floor Tile Estimator
Estimate how many tiles you need for a room's floor plus skirting. Enter room and tile dimensions in mm, skirting height, door width and wastage percentage to get the exact tile count.
Floor Space Index (FSI)
Calculate the Floor Space Index (FSI), also known as Floor Area Ratio (FAR), by entering the total covered (built-up) area and the land area. A quick check for zoning compliance and development density.
Maximum Floor Live Load Capacity
Estimate the maximum stationary live load a concrete slab-on-grade can carry. Enter allowable fiber stress, slab thickness, subgrade reaction modulus, and modulus of elasticity to get the capacity in psf.
Active Earth Pressure
Calculate the Rankine active earth pressure on a retaining wall from the retained soil height, unit weight and friction angle. Enter H, γ and φ to get the active pressure coefficient Ka and the resultant lateral force Pa.
Number of Paving Stones
Estimate how many paving stones you need for a patio, driveway or walkway. Enter the area dimensions and the paver size to get the required quantity plus a recommended total with a 10% wastage allowance.
Runoff Flow
Estimate peak stormwater runoff from a small drainage area using the Rational Method Q = C·i·A. Enter the drainage area, design rainfall intensity and runoff coefficient to get the peak flow in L/s, m³/s, ft³/s and more.
Earthwork Cross Sectional Area
Enter the X and Y coordinates of the points that outline an earthwork cross section, and this calculator returns its area using the shoelace formula. Useful for surveyors and civil engineers estimating excavation, fill, and grading quantities.
Stair Rise and Run
Calculate the number of risers, actual riser height, number of treads and total run of a staircase. Enter the total rise, desired step height and tread depth to plan a comfortable, code-friendly stair layout.
Belt Length
Calculate the required belt length for a two-pulley drive from the pulley diameters and center distance. Supports open and crossed belt arrangements in metric or imperial units.
Cubic Yards of Rectangular Stepping Stones
Calculate the volume of rectangular stepping stones in cubic yards. Enter length, width, depth in inches and the number of stones to find how much concrete you need for one stone or the whole set.
Footing Bearing Pressure
Enter the vertical load and footing plan dimensions to find the average soil bearing pressure under the footing, and compare it against the allowable bearing pressure to see if the design is OK.
Cubic Yards of Circular Stepping Stones
Calculate the concrete volume of circular stepping stones in cubic yards. Enter the diameter, thickness and number of stones to find how much concrete you need for one stone or the whole batch.
Cubic Yards of Triangular Stepping Stones
Calculate the concrete volume of triangular stepping stones in cubic yards. Enter the base, height and depth of each stone plus how many you need, and get the volume of a single stone and the whole batch.
Concrete 17
Concrete Volume
Estimate the concrete needed to fill cylindrical forms such as piers, columns, Sonotubes, or drilled shafts. Enter the radius, depth, and quantity to get the total volume in cubic yards.
Cement and Sand for Plastering
Estimate how many bags of cement and how much sand you need for plastering. Enter the plastering area, thickness and mix ratio to get instant quantities.
Concrete Stairs
Estimate how much concrete you need to pour a staircase. Enter the number of steps, riser height, tread depth, and stair width to get the required concrete volume in cubic yards.
Concrete Wall
Estimate how much concrete you need for a wall in cubic yards. Enter the wall's length and height in feet and its thickness in inches to get the concrete yardage for ordering ready-mix.
Concrete Ingredients
Estimate how much cement, sand, and coarse aggregate you need for a slab, beam, or circular column. Enter the dimensions, pick your units, and set the mix ratio (e.g., 1:3:3) to get the volume of each ingredient.
Number of Concrete Blocks
Estimate how many concrete blocks you need for a wall. Enter the block dimensions in mm and the wall height and width in metres — the calculator divides the wall area by the block area and rounds up to the next whole block.
Concrete Slab Maximum Wall Load
Calculate the maximum wall load a concrete slab-on-grade can support (lbs/ft). Enter the concrete compressive strength (psi), modulus of subgrade reaction (pci), and slab thickness (in).
Concrete Footing Volume
Calculate the concrete volume for a rectangular footing with an inner void. Enter the outside and inside dimensions plus the thickness to get the result in cubic feet and cubic yards.
Concrete Column Fill
Estimate the concrete needed to fill a round column in cubic yards. Enter the diameter in inches and the height in feet — useful for piers, form tubes and structural columns.
Concrete Slab Maximum Length
Enter relative humidity, concrete tensile stress, and shrinkage strain to estimate the maximum slab length between joints and reduce the risk of shrinkage cracking.
Curb and Gutter Barrier Concrete Yardage
Estimates the volume of concrete, in cubic yards, needed to pour a curb and gutter barrier. Enter the length of the run plus the gutter width, gutter depth, and curb height in inches.
Concrete Mix Ratio
Estimate how much cement, sharp sand, gravel and water you need for a concrete pour. Enter the width, height and depth of your slab, footing or structure in meters and get material quantities instantly.
Rebar Weight
Calculate the weight of reinforcing steel bars from diameter, length, quantity and steel density. Get weight per bar and total weight in kg and pounds, plus kg/m for site checks.
Concrete Footing/Slab Pours
Calculate the concrete volume needed for a rectangular footing or slab pour. Enter the footing length in feet plus the width and depth in inches, and get the result in cubic yards.
Rebar Count
Work out how many rebar bars fit evenly across a slab, footing or wall and the exact equal centre-to-centre spacing. Enter the placement width, edge cover and target spacing.
Concrete Slab Pour Volume
Estimate how much concrete you need for a rectangular slab. Enter the width and length in feet and the thickness in inches to get the pour volume in cubic yards.
Concrete footing yard
Calculate the output pulse duration of a 555 timer in monostable (one-shot) mode. Enter the resistance and capacitance values with their units to get the time delay in seconds.
Circuits 16
Nichrome Wire
Calculate the resistance, current, and power of a nichrome wire from its diameter, length, and applied voltage. Useful for designing heating elements, foam cutters, hotends, and DIY heating coils.
RC Time Constant
Enter any resistance and capacitance to instantly get the RC time constant τ, plus charge and discharge times to 50%, 90%, 95% and 99% of the final voltage.
555 Timer
Calculate the 555 timer's output pulse duration in monostable mode. Enter your timing resistor (R) and capacitor (C) values and get the delay from T = 1.1 × R × C.
Capacitor Networks
Calculate the equivalent capacitance of capacitors connected in series or parallel. Enter your capacitor values and an optional applied voltage to see the charge and voltage on each capacitor.
Zener Diode Resistor
Calculate the correct series resistor for a Zener diode voltage regulator. Enter the input voltage, Zener voltage, Zener current, and load current to get the required resistance in ohms.
LM317 Voltage and Resistor
Calculate the LM317 output voltage from resistors R1 and R2, or find the resistor values for a target voltage. Enter the two resistances to get the regulated output in volts.
RL Time Constant
Calculate the RL time constant (τ = L/R) of any resistor-inductor circuit. Enter resistance and inductance, choose current rise or decay, and get the time constant plus times to 95% and 99% of the final current.
Wheatstone Bridge
Calculate the unknown resistance in a balanced Wheatstone bridge. Enter the three known arm resistances (R1, R2, R3) and get R4 instantly, with the balance condition explained.
LED Series Resistor
Calculate the series resistor needed to safely drive an LED. Enter your supply voltage, the LED's forward voltage, and the desired current to get the resistor value in ohms.
AC Reactance
Calculate the capacitive reactance (Xc) or inductive reactance (XL) of a component at any AC frequency. Select the component type, enter the frequency and the capacitance or inductance, and get the reactance in ohms.
LM317 Current Regulator
Calculate the output current of an LM317 constant current regulator from a single resistor value. Just enter the resistance between the output and adjust pins to get the current in amps.
Ohm’s Law
Calculate voltage, current, resistance, or power using Ohm's Law. Enter any two known values and the calculator instantly finds the missing quantity.
Series Resistance
Quickly add up any number of series-connected resistors. Enter the resistor values (ohms, kΩ or MΩ) and get the total resistance, the count, and the smallest and largest value in the chain.
Voltage Divider
Calculate the output voltage of a resistive voltage divider, or solve for Vin, R1 or R2. Enter your values, add an optional load resistance, or find the closest standard E-series resistor pair for a target ratio.
RLC Impedance
Calculate the impedance of a series RLC circuit from resistance, inductance, capacitance and frequency. Enter R, L, C and f to get the complex impedance, magnitude and phase angle.
PCB Trace Width
Calculate the minimum PCB trace width for a given current using the IPC-2221 formula. Enter current, temperature rise, copper thickness and layer type to get width in mil and mm.
RF & Microwave 15
Helical Antenna
Calculate the dimensions of an axial-mode helical antenna from its operating frequency and number of turns. Get the wavelength, helix diameter, turn spacing (pitch), and total antenna length in seconds.
Parallel Wire Impedance
Calculate the characteristic impedance of a parallel wire (two-wire) transmission line from the wire diameter and center-to-center spacing. Useful for designing twin-lead, ladder line, and balanced RF feeder systems.
PI Network Impedance Matching
Calculate the component values for a PI matching network that transforms a lower source resistance to a higher load resistance. Enter Rs, Rl and the operating frequency to get Q, the reactances, capacitance and inductance.
Microstrip Transmission Lines Impedance
Estimate the characteristic impedance of a microstrip transmission line from the dielectric constant, substrate height, trace width and copper thickness. Enter your PCB stack-up values to get Z0 in ohms for RF and high-speed design.
Stripline Impedance
Calculate the characteristic impedance of a symmetric stripline trace on a PCB. Enter the dielectric constant, trace width, copper thickness, and dielectric height to get Z0 in ohms.
Microstrip Impedance From Zo
Find the microstrip trace width needed to hit a target characteristic impedance (Zo). Enter the target impedance, dielectric constant and substrate height, and get the required width in mm.
Microstrip Impedance
Calculate the characteristic impedance of a microstrip transmission line from the dielectric constant, substrate height, trace width and trace thickness. Essential for impedance-controlled PCB routing in RF and high-speed digital design.
L Matching Network
Calculate the component values for an L-network that matches a low source resistance to a higher load resistance at a given RF frequency. Enter the two resistances and the operating frequency to get Q, the series inductance, and the parallel capacitance.
RF Power Density
Calculate RF power density in W/m² from transmitter power, antenna gain (dBi) and distance. Enter three values to estimate far-field radiation intensity for exposure and compliance checks.
T Matching Network
Computes the capacitor and inductor values for a T impedance matching network from frequency, source and load impedance, and Q factor — for RF, antenna and amplifier matching.
Microstrip Differential Impedance
Estimate the differential impedance of an edge-coupled microstrip pair on a PCB by entering the single-ended impedance, trace spacing, and substrate height — essential for USB, HDMI, LVDS, and PCIe routing.
Stripline PCB Differential Impedance
Estimate the differential impedance of a stripline pair on a multilayer PCB. Enter the single-ended impedance, trace spacing, and height to the reference plane to get Z_diff in ohms.
Skin Depth
Calculate the skin depth of an alternating current in a conductor from frequency, resistivity and relative permeability. Enter the material properties to see how deep AC current actually penetrates.
Microstrip PCB Impedance
Calculate the characteristic impedance of a microstrip PCB trace from the substrate's dielectric constant, trace width, substrate height, and copper thickness. Essential for controlled-impedance routing in high-speed and RF designs.
PCB Microstrip Crosstalk
Estimate the near-end crosstalk (NEXT) between two parallel microstrip traces on a PCB. Enter the trace spacing and substrate height to get the coupling level in dB.
Beams 11
Section Modulus
Calculate the elastic section modulus and second moment of area for rectangle, circle, tube, or I/H beam sections. Enter the dimensions, choose a shape, and get properties about the strong bending axis.
Uniformly Loaded Simply Supported Beam
Calculates the support reactions, maximum bending moment and midspan deflection of a simply supported beam carrying a uniformly distributed load. Enter the span, load, Young's modulus and second moment of area.
Cantilever Beam Stiffness
Calculate the bending stiffness of a cantilever beam from Young's modulus, area moment of inertia, and length. Enter values in MPa, cm⁴ and m to get stiffness in N/m.
Cantilever Beam with Couple Moment
Calculate the slope at the free end and the deflection at any section of a cantilever beam subjected to a couple moment. Enter the moment, elastic modulus, moment of inertia, length, and position of interest.
Center-Loaded Simply Supported Beam
Calculate support reactions, maximum bending moment and midspan deflection for a simply supported beam carrying a point load at its center. Enter span, load, Young's modulus and moment of inertia.
Cantilever Beam with Load at Any Point
Calculate the slope and deflection of a cantilever beam with a point load applied at any position along its length. Enter the load, beam properties, load position, and evaluation point to get instant results.
Shaft Torsion
Calculate the maximum shear stress and the angle of twist in a solid or hollow circular shaft. Enter the torque, dimensions, length and shear modulus to check a shaft design in seconds.
Cantilever Beam with Load at Free End
Calculate the slope at the free end and the deflection at any point along a cantilever beam with a point load applied at its tip. Enter the load, elastic modulus, moment of inertia, beam length, and the position of interest.
Euler Buckling
Calculate the critical Euler buckling load of a slender column from its length, Young's modulus, second moment of area and end conditions. Enter the column properties and see the load at which it buckles.
Cantilever Beam with Distributed Load
Calculate the slope at the free end and the deflection at any point of a cantilever beam carrying a distributed load. Enter the load, elastic modulus, moment of inertia, beam length, and position to get instant results.
Cantilever Beam with Uniform Load
Calculates the slope at the free end and the deflection at any point along a cantilever beam carrying a uniform load. Enter the applied load, elastic modulus, moment of inertia, beam length and position.
Ventilation 10
Area of Rectangular Duct
Enter the side dimensions, length and quantity of a rectangular duct to get the total sheet-metal surface area, connector strip (shina) length and corner piece count, with an optional seam allowance.
Duct Pressure Drop
Estimate the pressure drop in a rectangular or circular ventilation duct from its size, length, airflow and fittings. Enter duct dimensions, airflow rate and friction factor to get friction loss, fitting loss and total pressure drop in Pa, mm H2O and in. w.g.
Ventilation Diffuser Count
Calculate how many air diffusers you need for a ventilation system. Enter the total air flow (m³/h), the air speed (m/s), and the diffuser diameter to get the required diffuser count.
Ventilation Power
Calculate the required ventilation air flow rate (m³/h) from room area, ceiling height, and desired air changes per hour. Enter three values to size fans, diffusers, and ductwork correctly.
Ventilation Airflow Requirement
Calculate the required ventilation airflow (m³/h) from the room type, floor area, and ceiling height. Enter the room type, area in m², and height in cm to get the recommended fan performance instantly.
Ventilation Grid Count
Calculate the number of ventilation grids needed from the air flow rate (m³/h), air speed (m/s), and the open area of one grid (m²). Enter your values and get the required grid count instantly.
Ventilation per Number of People
Estimate the required ventilation airflow from the number of people in a room and their activity level. Enter the occupant count, pick an activity level, and get the airflow in m³/h.
Wall Heat Loss
Calculate the rate of heat loss through a wall using the U-value, wall area and indoor/outdoor temperatures. Enter values in metric or imperial units and get results in watts, BTU/hr and kWh per day.
Fan Affinity Laws
Calculate fan airflow, pressure, and power at a new speed using the fan affinity laws. Enter the original speed, airflow, pressure, and power, plus the new speed in rpm.
LMTD
Calculate the log mean temperature difference (LMTD) of a heat exchanger from the four terminal temperatures. Choose counterflow or parallel flow and enter the hot and cold inlet/outlet temperatures in °C, °F or K.
Coils & Transformers 10
Physical Properties of Coil
Enter the number of turns, coil diameter and wire diameter to find the total wire length, cross-sectional area, copper volume and copper mass of a coil. Useful for winding inductors, electromagnets and solenoids.
Number of Turns in Transformer Coil
Calculate the number of turns needed in a transformer winding from the voltage, frequency, core flux density, and core cross-sectional area. Enter values in V, Hz, tesla, and cm² to get the required turn count instantly.
Solenoid Coil Electromagnetic Force
Estimate the pulling force of a solenoid coil from the number of turns, current, core cross-sectional area, and air gap length. Enter your coil parameters to get the electromagnetic force in newtons.
Single Phase Transformer
Calculate secondary voltage, secondary current, and turns ratio for a single-phase transformer. Enter primary voltage, primary and secondary turns, and primary current to get instant results.
Straight Wire Inductance
Estimate the inductance of a straight round wire from its length and diameter. Useful for RF circuits, antenna elements, lead wires, and bus bars where even short conductors add reactance.
Air Core Coil Inductance
Calculate the inductance of a flat spiral air core coil from its inner diameter, outer diameter, and number of turns. Enter the coil dimensions in millimeters and read the result in nanohenries.
Series Inductance
This calculator determines the total inductance of inductors connected in series. Enter the individual inductance values separated by commas (in µH) and get the total inductance instantly.
LC Resonance
Calculate the resonant frequency of an LC (tank) circuit from its inductance and capacitance using the Thomson formula. Enter L and C with their units to get frequency, period, and angular frequency.
Grounding Strap Inductance
Calculate the inductance of a flat grounding strap from its length, width and thickness in millimeters. The result in nH helps you design low-impedance ground connections for EMC and high-frequency circuits.
Parallel Inductance
Calculate the equivalent inductance of inductors connected in parallel. Enter comma-separated inductance values in µH and get the total inductance instantly.
Pipeline 7
Instantaneous Water Heater
Calculate the required power of an instantaneous (tankless) water heater, the achievable hot water flow rate, or the outlet temperature. Enter the heater power, cold water inlet temperature, and target hot water temperature to get instant results.
Pipe Pressure Drop
Calculate pressure drop and head loss in a pipe using the Darcy–Weisbach equation with the Swamee–Jain friction factor. Enter pipe length, diameter, flow rate, fluid properties and roughness to get Δp in kPa and psi, velocity, Reynolds number and friction factor.
Pipe Wall Thickness
Calculate the minimum pipe wall thickness required to safely contain internal pressure using Barlow's formula. Enter the internal pressure, outside diameter, allowable hoop stress and design factor to get the result in mm and inches.
Pipeline Flow Rate
Estimates the flow rate in a gravity-driven pipeline from the hydraulic gradient, internal diameter, roughness coefficient and kinematic viscosity of the fluid. Enter the values in percent, metres and m²/s to get an instant result.
Pump Power
Calculate the hydraulic and shaft power needed to pump a fluid. Enter flow rate, head or pressure rise, fluid density and pump efficiency to get results in kW and hp.
Manning Flow
Calculate the velocity, discharge, flow area and hydraulic radius of water flowing in an open channel or part-full pipe using the Manning equation. Choose the channel shape and enter its dimensions, slope and roughness.
Reynolds Number
Enter the fluid velocity, pipe diameter and viscosity to compute the Reynolds number and instantly see whether the pipe flow is laminar, transitional or turbulent. Works with kinematic or dynamic viscosity and metric/US units.
Springs 4
Spring Resonant Frequency
Calculate the resonant frequency of a mass-spring system from the spring constant (N/m) and attached mass (kg). Useful for vibration analysis and tuning mechanical systems.
Spring Mass
Calculate the mass of a spring from its material density and volume. Enter the density (e.g., 7850 kg/m³ for steel) and the spring volume to get the mass in kilograms.
Compression Spring Rate
Calculate the spring rate (stiffness) of a helical compression spring from wire diameter, mean coil diameter, number of active coils and shear modulus. Optionally enter a load to get deflection and wire shear stress.
Young’s Modulus Spring Resonant Frequency
This calculator estimates the resonant frequency of a spring using geometric parameters, material density, and modulus of rigidity (G). It is ideal for evaluating coil spring dynamics in precision mechanical, automotive, and vibration systems.
Roadways 4
Railroad Curve Degree
Enter the radius of a railroad curve in feet and this calculator returns the degree of curvature — the central angle subtended by a 100 ft chord — a key parameter in railway track design and alignment.
Cornering Force
Calculate the lateral cornering force on a vehicle from the friction coefficient, mass, curve radius and road slope, and find the maximum speed before the tires lose grip. Works for banked and flat curves.
Asphalt Density
Calculate the density of asphalt or bitumen from pycnometer weighings. Enter the weights of the empty pycnometer, with bitumen, with water, and with bitumen plus water to get the density in g/cm³.
Crest Vertical Curve Length
Estimate the minimum length of a crest vertical curve from sight distance, roadway grades, driver's eye height, and object height. Enter values in meters and percent to get the required curve length in meters and feet.
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